tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-26993477451644128392024-03-13T13:35:13.064-07:00Essay paper writing serviceMikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.comBlogger177125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-71036579490262142042020-08-25T17:19:00.001-07:002020-08-25T17:19:07.702-07:00Is it possible to ensure scientific rigour when conducting EssayIs it conceivable to guarantee logical meticulousness when directing quantitative and subjective examination - Essay Example It is important that the ideas of legitimacy and unwavering quality of subjective examination have in the past not been all around systematized as on account of quantitative exploration. This paper subsequently, takes a gander at the chance of having a logical meticulousness when leading subjective and quantitative exploration (Gery and Ryan 2013). The quality and unwavering quality of any exploration finding rely upon the strategies utilized in gathering information, test decisions, procedures utilized in the examination and the outline of the picked methods. Similarly, the specialist needs to create efficient coding examples to help identify freak cases that would some way or another influence unwavering quality. The Techniques for Collecting Qualitative Data In request to have right derivation, the broke down information must be quality information. This implies methods of gathering information must be all around picked dependent on the sort of exploration and the decisions made a bout the substance. Poor choice of methods is probably going to result into wrong derivation (Meyrick 2006). There are approaches and methods that can help to improve the legitimacy and unwavering quality of subjective information and the examination reports. To guarantee logical thoroughness, four information assortment methods can be utilized. ... Elicitation procedures can likewise be ordered into sorts of meetings; organized, semi-organized, unstructured, and blended elicitation that consolidates the three. The utilization of unstructured meetings might be casual or ethnographic. To have control of the outcomes logical exploration need to maintain a strategic distance from casual meetings yet pick the organized and ethnographic procedures, which permits longer questionings and more profound testing (Seale and Silverman 1997). This leads into validity of the information with capacity for appropriate examination. This is on the grounds that the organized and semi-organized meetings are frequently intended to permit all sources to be inspected on a lot of comparative inquiries, so as to give a chance of making correlations of the information across respondents or gatherings of respondents to improve dependability. In this technique, the scientist starts the meeting, poses the particular inquiries, and decides if the discussion on a specific subject has meets the exploration targets. For this situation, the respondent is guided and limited to the exploration questions. Information gathered is probably going to be dependable if there is a degree of connection over the respondents. Organized meetings are significantly utilized when the exploration plans to quantify the extent of an event and to help make progressively exact examinations inside and across gatherings (Seale and Silverman 1997).The legitimacy of such organized meetings is established on the speculation that if an efficient and a lot of normalized instrument is regulated to a gathering of people, the fluctuations in their reactions is significantly because of their individual contrasts, yet not the distinction in the instrument utilized. Instances of organized Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-87849076534564395702020-08-22T05:14:00.001-07:002020-08-22T05:14:27.434-07:00ATA to Ultra ATA :: essays research papersATA to Ultra ATA/66 Progressed ATA Storage Interface Presentation Interface History Understanding the Need for a Faster Disk Interface Innovation Overview Execution Increase Cost Stabilization In reverse Compatibility Framework Requirements Information Integrity and Reliability Ends More Information Presentation The PC business is continually scanning for trend setting innovation. This likens to more plate space, quicker execution, more memory, better shows â⬠practically every part is feeling the squeeze to improve. Consistent improvement for the circle drive industry implies lower costs, improved unwavering quality, higher limit, and better execution. As PC execution builds, the exhibition of the hard drive, which is the focal info/yield (I/O) gadget of the PC, turns out to be progressively significant. Improvement in plate drive execution is a mind boggling zone and is estimated utilizing a few parts: look for time, rotational idleness, inside exchange rate, store, and interface speed. Interface History The hard drive interface is the way through which information goes between the PC and the hard drive. The first ISA-subordinate ATA (IDE) interface was restricted to around 4 Mbytes/sec in the first place, yet came to as high as 8 Mbytes/sec. Interface conventions, for example, modified info/yield (PIO) and direct memory get to (DMA) modes, were intended to exploit the new neighborhood transport structures that supplanted ISA. ATA interface modes have advanced from PIO to DMA and now Ultra DMA, giving information move rates from 8.3, 11.1, and 13.3 Mbytes/sec up to 16.6, 33.3, and now 66.6 Mbytes/sec. Determination ATA 2 ATA 3 ATA/ATAPI 4 ATA/ATAPI 5 Max Transfer Modes PIO 1 PIO 4 DMA 2 PIO 4 DMA 2 PIO 4 DMA 2 UDMA 2 PIO 4 DMA 2 UDMA 4 Max Transfer Rate 4 Mbytes/sec 16 Mbytes/sec 16 Mbytes/sec 33 Mbytes/sec 66 Mbyte/sec Max Connections 2 for every link 2 for every link Link Required 40-pin 40-pin 40-pin 40-pin 40-pin, 80-conductor Extra Features - Base - Speed - Synchronous Transfers - S.M.A.R.T. - Secure Mode - Queuing - Overlap - ATAPI - Speed - Data Reliability Year Introduced 1981 1994 1996 1997 1999 The patterns in the above diagram show that few segments have improved with the advancement of the ATA interface. Speed and usefulness have made significant walks throughout the years. Execution remains the most normally thought about property with interface improvements, and Ultra ATA/66 makes burst information move paces of up to 66.6 Mbytes/sec conceivable. Understanding the Need for a Faster Disk Interface Ultra ATA/66 gives an ease, high-unwavering quality, in reverse perfect answer for information move bottlenecks that moderate by and large framework execution. As the information stockpiling thickness (areal thickness) of plate drives and rotational paces have expanded, bottlenecks likewise expanded, in this manner requiring the ATA interface to improve execution to accomplish perfect information move speeds. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-58106023464759311642020-08-06T23:35:00.001-07:002020-08-06T23:35:03.838-07:00Mental Health in CollegeMental Health in College While college is some of the best four years of peopleâs lives, it can also be one of the most stressful periods as well. Before you enter college, I want to share a few tips on how you can maintain and improve your mental health as you take on challenging courses and delve into new hobbies, organizations, and interests around campus. 1. Eat nutritious meals Eating healthy is a lot easier said than done. Freshman year, food is readily accessible so try to make conscious choices about the food you eat each meal. The foods we eat heavily influence the way our brain activates, so it is important to intake good nutrients and calories so that you donât run out of fuel as you stay busy during college. Pennsylvania Avenue Residence Hall Dining Hall 2. Exercise Regularly Exercising regularly is something I highly encourage. Taking the time to go the gym gives you some time to destress and avoid thinking about a stressful assignment, a difficult project, or other stressors in your life. Our campus offers two terrific recreation facilities: Campus Recreation Center East (CRCE) and the Activities Recreation Center (ARC). These facilities offer pool time, open courts, fitness classes, and gym and track equipment. Times are also very flexibleâ"6a.m.â"midnight Monday through Thursday and open until 10 p.m. or 11 p.m. Friday, Saturday, and Sundayâ"so you can fit in some time to get that workout in. Activities Recreation Center (ARC) 3. Sleep Adequately Getting enough sleep is important so that you can rest your brain and be prepared to go into class the next day, ready to learn and take notes. Recently, Iâve noticed that scheduling my day via Google Calendar has helped me complete the tasks I have to do during a day and then I find myself with some time to spare, allowing me to sleep early and get a good nightâs rest. College is a challenging four years. Treat yourself with respect and kindness. Make time for your hobbies and interests to take a break from all things school-related. Maintaining a good and balanced mental health is critical to your success in college. If you ever have questions or concerns, Illinois offers counseling services for students to talk out their issues in a helpful and caring way. Kripa Class of 2020 I'm majoring in Psychology, minoring in Spanish, and pursuing a pre-dental track. It seems like Iâm all over the place, but thatâs what I like about college! I get to choose to study what Iâm interested in, and Iâm happy to be doing just that at Illinois. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-90382732309664199262020-05-23T09:49:00.001-07:002020-05-23T09:49:06.860-07:00The Gender Identity Of Young Women Constructed And... How is the gender identity of young women constructed and communicated through self-representation on Instagram? Student ID: 200901452 Module Name and ID: Critical Issues in Media and Communication (COMM5135M) How is the gender identity of young women constructed and communicated through self-representation on Instagram? The question that our research project asked was ââ¬ËHow is the gender identity of young women constructed and communicated through self-representation on Instagram?ââ¬â¢ Through this question we also looked to answer the questions of how women perform and communicate their femininity through and what are the gender stereotypes created by magazines that are reproduced by women on social media. This essay will look at is why this research is important and how this research was conducted, it will highlight some of the key results that were found during the research and what it could mean in terms of femininity in the modern day. It will also mention the shortcoming of the research conducted and the limitations of the research. There is more than one ââ¬Ëselfââ¬â¢, there is the ââ¬Ëon stageââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëoff stageââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ëback stageââ¬â¢ self. Each of these selves defines how a person might act depending on the situation. According to Goffman, the ââ¬Ë on stageââ¬â¢ and the ââ¬Ëback stageââ¬â¢ are selves that require a performance, where one can control how they want to represent themselves and to an extentShow MoreRelatedRacism Is Still With Us3110 Words à |à 13 Pagesracial group, for their self-respect, personal identity, social positions, racial pride, intergroup relations, and ultimately how one should feel regarding their cultural heritage; with also keeping in mind the possibility of hostile racial encounters (Sanders-Thompson, 1994; Stevenson, 1995; Thomas and Speight, 1999; Hughes et al., 2006 Martin and McAdoo, 2007). Racial socialization messages are usually transmitted by parents. Racial socialization has been expressed through past research as something Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-25357257602347665472020-05-12T03:48:00.001-07:002020-05-12T03:48:02.927-07:00Argument in college writing This day makes us suspicious. Especially, our thoughts are always brought in question by the society, the teachers, friends, parents and, finally, by ourselves. Sure, there should be something that can turn over someones views and world outlook. Such a motive power actually exists, it is an argument. Exactly argument helps us to prove our thoughts and it has a great influence on our mind. Proving something to somebody is integral part of our life and college essay writing, the process which requires arguing time and again, is really inalienable part of our studies. Investigating in college writing should start from the definition of what college argument is. This concept of argument is based in the expectations of readers to see the reason, which will make them agree with precise thought. So, argument consists of few consecutive statements. It doesnt include just disagreeable disputes, but mostly kind of dialog with person whose thoughts are interesting and important to pay attention to. When we are writing a paper first of all we should not just express what we think, we should show our thoughts in such a way to make them clear, interesting and understandable to others. We should rouse the curiosity of our words among people. There is a wide-spread misunderstanding between students that they may express their opinions in any way they want, ignoring the main principle of argument. It doesnt mean that our private opinions are not important, but they should be supported by convincing proof. People must have grounds for accepting someones thought. The main aim of university is first of all to bring science in peoples thought. People shouldnt just express what they think; they should show and prove others that their ideas are mattered. Therefore, the argumentative paper should include two different points: the one for support and another to object. Only in this way the reader can choose whether agree or disagree with precise viewpoint. Thus, a comparison is the necessity for any decision to be taken. Sure we can not confirm that every our thought is absolutely right and each conclusion is complete. That is why we give people a possibility to choose whether they should agree or disagree with our point. So, as a conclusion we can state that an argument implies a conversation between people who want to find true basis. College education includes all those values. During the process of studying we gather information, do research and make decisions which influence our ability to evaluate, think and write to grow. So, our idea should be heard and proved. Thoughts we express should not be just simple information. They should be a palpable knowledge that can influence ones mind. In order to reach this goal we should be guided by a simple principle the principle of argument. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-40297290585480917702020-05-06T11:47:00.001-07:002020-05-06T11:47:35.660-07:00GCSE Dance Extended Notes Free Essays string(158) " around in the circular pathway, I lurch forward at the build up of the dance making a fist with my hand, as here I wanted to include one of my dance motifs\." I chose this piece of music because of the clear-cut and established structure, which helped mark certain moments of my dance and distinguish each section from one an other. Instead of the background music being accompanied by actual words, after the main build up of the song a woman can be heard singing strange hypnotic noises. I think this compliments the idea of freedom in the second part of my dance, because now my persona is free of oppression they can express themselves in whatever way they want to, like the woman singing in the piece of music. We will write a custom essay sample on GCSE Dance Extended Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is noticeable that before, and including the build up to the singing woman that the music is very repetitive. When played along to my dance, I thought it represented the monotony of a slaveââ¬â¢s life. However, what could be also heard in the build up was a glimmer of endearing hope, because even though the music represented sadness, the tone stayed bright throughout. In the first section of the dace I wanted to show snippets of the slaveââ¬â¢s usual day. I also wanted to keep the energy in the dance gentle and keep a minimum amount of strong energy in it. This is because I waned the audience to relate to the feeling of being confined and ordered around. Also, it mainly focuses on the idea of freedom being in the form of hope inside the personas head, rather than freedom being expressed in movements which would be associated with such an idea. I begin at centre stage on the floor curled up in a ball to symbolise the small space the slave is kept in, then ease myself of the floor in a swift manner, keeping my head in front of the rest of my body. This shows the audience that the slave is being dragged out of bed in a hostile manner. I began to inject the fear the slave has on their master into the dance by covering my face with my hands, as one would usually do if they are trying to hide or if they are anticipating physical aggression. I start to travel to downstage right taking large strides and stumbling with every step to show the slave being pushed towards the fields to work. I kept the levels in which I was performing low which emphasises the slaveââ¬â¢s inferiority when compared to their master. After three or so strides I immediately begin to use a repeated gesture, which gives the impression of the slave being forced into labour on the field. I right raise my left arm and when that arm reaches its peak height I bring my opposite arm up in the air to meet and bring them back down towards the ground whilst lurching forwards. This represents the slave working in a field with some sort of tool, which I envision to be a tool for picking at soil. In addition, the heavy lurch forward helps me to symbolise the constant presence of oppression. For the part in the first section where the slave tries to retaliate, I wanted to use movements which would put importance on the levels used in this particular section. This is because it defined the relationship between the slave and their master, and this was especially important as the audience could not see the masterââ¬â¢s actions for themselves-this had to be portrayed in the movements of the slave. In this moment in the dance the slave tries to fight for freedom. I use gestures such as a clenched fist to show my persona is willing to fight oppression, and rise on the tip toes to create a high level, which symbolises rising against the master. However, I soon cover my face with my hands again and leap backwards in recoil as the slave is overcome with the power of the master. After unsuccessfully trying to stick up of oneself, the slave drops to the floor, to a low level. This new level, lower than the audience has seen the slave before helps to emphasise how lowly the slave is thought of by themselves and their master. I then raise my arms and then bring them back down to my chest resting my flat palms against the other, and this represents the hope the slave still feels even after being beaten by their master. I keep my body shape compressed into an angular shape whilst lying down on the floor, which shows my persona resting before quickly reaching up with their hands to the sky but then being pushed back down to the floor. I repeat this movement several times to convey the idea of perseverance coming from the slave. I also included some movement pieces such as twisting my body around so my stomach faced upwards, and also sliding my body across the floor. After these movements I swivel around into a kneeling position and clench my fists again and then punch them into the floor below me. This is again to convey perseverance and to let the audience understand, the slave has not given up their fight for freedom. The transition from section A to section B is very clear as the music transforms into a free drifting melodic chime with violin ___ in the foreground. Here, in this transaction, is where I tried to convey the journey to emancipation. I used a lot of space in this travelling sequence by running around in a circular pathway, because I wanted to show the slave trying to break free of their masterââ¬â¢s strict reign. Whilst running through my circular pathway, I held my right arm out to convey the idea of the slave trying to make the most of the new found space around them. In section B I wanted to mainly use movements that symbolised freedom instead of the daily routines of the slave. After running around in the circular pathway, I lurch forward at the build up of the dance making a fist with my hand, as here I wanted to include one of my dance motifs. You read "GCSE Dance Extended Notes" in category "Papers" For another one of my movements I stand on my tip toes and make a v shape with my arms to represent my persona basking in the space all around them. I have experimented with a number of movements in the next parts of the dance, because I wanted to show that my persona is free to try out new things and be themselves. I leap onto the floor which is supposed to represent a giddy action of joy and then soon return to a standing position. I further try new moves which the audience hasnââ¬â¢t seen before. For example, I bend into a hunched position and then jump whilst swinging my arms past my legs. I finish the dance with a final lurch forward and repeat one of my dance motifs with a raising of my arms in a v shape. Key positions 1. Fighting- This position is very varied through my dance throughout my whole dance, and can consequently go unnoticed just like the inner strength of a person-which canââ¬â¢t always be seen by others. The position represents the perseverance of my persona, and their unwillingness to give up fighting oppression. In section A of the dance, this position can be seen when my persona stands up to their master and also when they are crouching down on a low level and they slam their fists down to the floor. I wanted to use this a reminder that even though my persona has been beaten many times, they are not going to give up their search for freedom. Prayer- This position also varies throughout the dance to show hope and faith, and this also ties with my first motif 3. Freedom- This is my main motif which has been developed with different levels and dynamics. The main meaning of this position is the act of embracing freedom. I performed this gesture relatively weakly in terms of dynamics, in section one. The reason for this was because my persona, the slave couldnââ¬â¢t fully embrace freedom under the rule of a master. To make this move effective in the first section, I used a range sad facial expressions in order to increase my projection to the audience. It was important, this movement stood out to the audience as it fully represents one of the fundamental ideas behind my dance idea whim is emancipation. In the final section, this movement is seen very differently. For example, the pace in which the movement is performed is quicker and at times, at a higher level. For example, when the music reaches is climax and I break into the freedom movements; I rise up on my tip toes performing the movement with a strong energy. This is because I wanted to show the audience how exhilarating freedom feels my persona. Also, I wanted the developed motif to juxtapose against the one I used in the first section. Evaluation I decided to create my dance around the original motifs I came up with, these were mainly gestures which represented frustration, desperation, hope and of course, freedom. The movement materials I came up with next derived from my original starting point which was the diary of a slave who was involved in the West Indian Slave Trade. Once I was happy with my ideas I listened to the music I intended to dance to and let my mind create possible moves in the dance. I interpreted my music to have three sections, the first is the base, the second is the build up and the final section I labelled the pinnacle part of the piece. I fit this in with my dance having the first section as the one where my persona is being oppressed and calling this section A, having the second section of the music transform into a transition between the previous section and the one to follow, and finally having the last section of the music as my section B, where the slave is at last emancipated. I think the movements I used in section A informed the audience of my dance idea more than the movements in section B. I think this because, in section A, I used more realistic movements whereas in section A my dance material was more towards the abstract spectrum in order to communicate the feeling and idea of freedom rather than what one might do if they were free. This was effective in my point of view, because it broke up the dance and I thought it was refreshing to watch a piece that was both slightly surreal and realistic at the same time. It also kept my imagination flowing as I was never bored when concocting the next part of my dance, as I could use a new or different dance technique that I had not used before. I was very pleased with how section A turned out, because I think it communicated the hardships of being a slave, and already, so early in the dance I could see the personality of my persona coming through. I used all of my main movements in the beginning without crowding the first section or overcrowding other movements. Section B was a slight struggle for me as I wanted to use large, strong, dramatic movements but the ones I had created in my head were hard to physically perform. For example, the leaps I wanted to do were not doable in my range of skill. However, I overcame this by performing small leaps but with the maximum amount of energy I could exert into it. If I could work on this dance further I would love to explore my persona actual journey to emancipation in much more detail; I feel their story had to be cut short due to time and I think their is a lot more that could be told. Another reason for this is that I want to delve deeper into the hardships fighting for freedom brings, as I think I definitely skimmed over that aspect in my dance. Also, I would like to edit the music, as it is too long for my dance. Overall, I think I communicated the main idea of my dance clearly. Aided by my motif developments, I think the movements I used reflected the emotions of persona as well. How to cite GCSE Dance Extended Notes, Papers Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-79843202997071080422020-05-01T11:12:00.001-07:002020-05-01T11:12:02.516-07:00International Business Financial Positions Question: Discuss about the International Business for Financial Positions. Answer: As per the video Inside Story - Building BRICS, the BRICS nation will attract the major foreign direct investments in comparison to the western countries and emerge into the fastest growing economies in the world. BRICS is a platform of cooperation formed by the five fastest growing economies in the world. The members of this international forum are Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (Esposito, Kapoor and Mathur 2017). These nations should take the following steps to ensure that they maintain their distinct position in the international economy: Strengthen their Financial Positions: The BRICS countries of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa should strengthen their internal economic positions. Brazil is suffering from high poverty, corruption, depletion of natural resources and deforestation (Ferraro et al. 2015). An authoritarian government rules China and its economic progress has slowed down. India has a huge population and poverty but manages to maintain its growth. Russia is the richest country in the block but is limited by various agreements with the western nations. South Africa is the poorest among them and is political less stable. The BRIC countries in order to attract foreign investment should strengthen their internal economies. They should help each other in matters like free trade, lowering of tariffs, infrastructure development and so on. For example, India is friendly to foreign trade and attracts huge investments already. The consumer intensive market of the country attracts companies from the west and the Indian companies in turn have western subsidiaries. The members like India and Russia already have strong ties with nations like the USA, France and so on. They should attract use their powers to attract more FDI from these nations. IN fact, the poor members like Brazil and South Africa can benefit from the foreign ties of India and China. Strengthening their Internal Security: One of the most important points of discussion in the BRICS summit in New Delhi, India was international security and counter terrorism. The BRICS nation should help each other in strengthening counter terrorism mechanism and defence sectors. For example, Russia, a member is investing in the defence sector of another member, India. China, on the contrary is aligned with Pakistan, the nation which keeps on supporting cross border infiltration into India. This is likely to cause a rift between India and China. China should cooperate with India in guarding her boundaries against infiltration. Materialise Development Plans: The BRICS summit in New Delhi saw the members pledging to create alternative economic and trade infrastructures to compete with the west. The new development bank, credit rating agency and medical plans drawing inspiration from the traditional medicines of these nations were some of the plans decided. The members also spoke about trade in local currencies, eastern paradigm and trade agreements to facilitate smoother international trade between the BRICS nations were a part of the agenda. These countries should actually materialise these plans to prove their metal before the western world to attract foreign investments. The countries need to build energy efficient technological up graded sectors, that would help in sustaining the development of the economy. A sustained growth rate of the economy would be quite efficient in instigating an attraction of the foreign investors towards the countries. This would empower the countries to become more powerful and develop their internal enviro nment. Improve neighbour Relationship: Narendra Modi, the India Prime Minister called for a conference with the BIMSTEC nations after the BRIC summit on international trade cooperation. The leaders included leaders from nations like Myanmar and Thailand. The members like Brazil should hold talks to the South American nations to increase trade and economic support. This will also help the BRIC nations to appear more prominent and attract foreign investments (indianexpress.com 2017). These aspects would help in analysing various ways in which the flow of foreign direct investment could be instigated in the economy of BRICS. According to Dr Tarun Khanna, emerging markets are like swords with two edges, which provide both opportunities and challenges to entrepreneurial ventures. The entrepreneurs in these markets overcome the challenges in several ways. The opportunities provided by emerging markets are: New Emerging markets: The emerging markets in the developing and the developed nations are experiencing a lot of increase in production. These markets are benefitting from international trade agreements like BRICS where the entrepreneurs can sell their goods into new markets. Nations Encourage Entrepreneurial Development: The big emerging nations like India and China are booming global producers and consumers. These two countries have huge markets with increasing demand, which encourages entrepreneurship. These markets provide opportunities to young educated entrepreneurs to start ventures. Business groups like BRICS help in expanding the markets which encourage entrepreneurial ventures ( Khanna and Yafeh 2015). Sustainable Technology to Fill up Institutional Void: Dr Khanna stressed that institutional void exist even in the most developed markets of the west due to difference in technology and actual mode of transactions. The entrepreneurial efforts like Amul are filling a lot to fill institutional void (Gao, Jones and Khanna 2017). Such ventures give opportunities to smaller entrepreneurs like milk men to start business of their own and reap the profits of pooling productivity (Prasad and Satsangi 2013). The threats provided by the emerging markets are as follows: Heterogeneous Growth: Dr Khanna emphasised on the fact that entrepreneurial venture have not succeeded in filling institutional voids in all sectors. The success of Amul did not spread into the entire agricultural sectors like fruits and vegetable in spite of several efforts. The health industry has institutional voids, which result in high cost of treatment. The benefits of Narayana Hridayalaya did not spread into the government lost quality health care sector. This institution void impairs entrepreneurial ventures because of the need of huge capital. Scarcity of Fund: The biggest threat to entrepreneurial ventures is scarcity of funds. There are several multinational companies which allow entrepreneurs to start business with their products and provide them assistance. For example, Vodafone is helping many young entrepreneur to carry on their business by promoting use of Mpesa. Infrastructural Gap: Poverty, malnutrition and illiteracy is present in almost all the emerging markets like India. The people living in the interior areas like Madurai cannot start entrepreneurial venture or get job opportunities due to lack of internet access. The NGOs and several other organisations are working towards their education. The entrepreneurs face this lack of infrastructure by starting business ventures like providing mobile money applications (Bruton, Ahlstrom and Si 2015). Government Reforms: The government of these emerging nations should reform their laws in order to encourage new business ventures. The nations need to undergo socioeconomic reforms in order tp encourage new entrepreneurs. The big entrepreneurs like Curin and Devi Sethi help the small entrepreneurs to start their businesses to fill this institution void of the government. References: Bruton, G.D., Ahlstrom, D. and Si, S., 2015. Entrepreneurship, poverty, and Asia: Moving beyond subsistence entrepreneurship.Asia Pacific Journal of Management,32(1), pp.1-22. Esposito, M., Kapoor, A. and Mathur, D. 2017. What is the state of the BRICS economies?. [online] weforum.org. Available at: https://Will BRICS countries attract the worlds major foreign direct investment as compared to west? If yes what things these BRICKS countries must do to retain their unique postion in the global economy. [Accessed 6 Apr. 2017]. Ferraro, P.J., Hanauer, M.M., Miteva, D.A., Nelson, J.L., Pattanayak, S.K., Nolte, C. and Sims, K.R., 2015. Estimating the impacts of conservation on ecosystem services and poverty by integrating modeling and evaluation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,112(24), pp.7420-7425. Gao, C., Zuzul, T., Jones, G.G. and Khanna, T., 2017. Overcoming Institutional Voids: A Reputation-Based View of Long Run Survival. Granello, D.R., 2016.The BRICS countries: strides toward Greater Representation in international institutions(Doctoral dissertation, UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA). indianexpress.com. 2017. BRICS Summit 2016: Those who shelter, support, sponsor terror, as much a threat as terrorists. [online] Available at: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/live-brics-summit-2016-goa-joint-declaration-pm-modi-lanka-president-sirisena-bhutan-bimstec-bangladesh-latest-updates/ [Accessed 6 Apr. 2017]. Khanna, T. and Yafeh, Y., 2015. Business groups in emerging markets: Paragons or parasites?.Review of Economics and Institutions,6(1), p.60. Prasad, R. and Satsangi, R., 2013. A Case Study of Amul Co operative in India in Relation To Organizational Design and Operational Efficiency.International Journal of Scientific Engineering Research,4(1), p.1. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-53068678938471066012020-03-21T21:20:00.001-07:002020-03-21T21:20:02.415-07:00Operating systems free essay sample To achieve this they constantly push boundaries, define new standards and ensure continuous improvements in all parts of their business. The MIS can help further this goal by supplying the company with the relevant equipment needed to constancy improve themselves, MIS brings with it the ability to collect and even analyse certain data that may be relevant to the companyââ¬â¢s aforementioned goals. An example of this would be data collected on customer feedback would be used to improve current product package whilst surveys done and analysed by the system could project the probability of new revenue sources, thus creating new line of product or services by the company. (Digi, unknown) The company has also set their mission as to deliver Internet for All as part of our commitment to building a connected Malaysia enabling access to Mobile Internet services and applications by offering customers the right combination of devices and value pricing, as well as the best usage experience (Digi, Unknown). We will write a custom essay sample on Operating systems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page MIS helps this goal of Digi by allowing new hardware such as fibre optics and copper wires to be used not only by the company itself but also as a service that could be offered to the public, many internet connections are now using fibre optics as the medium because of its speed. The companyââ¬â¢s MIS could help monitor these connections and the usage of each customer, so the company can better recommend a package to the consumer. Through MSI, companies can generate essential documents such as employee evaluations, financial reports, and other relevant business reports (unknown, unknown). Most listed companies publish their quarterly and annual financial reports on their website which is accessible to the public, this is not only in line with their obligations to publish such reports as a listed company but also to inform the public on the companyââ¬â¢s financial wellbeing thus generating attracting more investors. It would also allow the management teams to evaluate performance of human resource and return on investments. A great example of this happening is when a company publish their quarterly or annual report, their stock price will either rise or lower according to the reports. Also in times of economic downturn, only the most consistent workers in the company will be kept, whereas those with low evaluations are the first to be laid off. The telecommunications industry being a service oriented industry relies heavily on its customers to generate revenue, being able to fix flaws and take into account customer feedback is very useful to the companies in this industry. The information gathered by the MIS can be used to gauge the companyââ¬â¢sââ¬â¢ position or performance in the public eye; this could help the companies develop themselves further. This can be seen when companies markets or launch a new service or product, the package is usually tailored to fit the greatest amount of customers, as to guarantee the highest customer satisfaction. Therefore most of the packages offered by these companies are very similar in nature. However according to (Vitez, unknown), a disadvantage of the MIS is the ineffectiveness of it at times. MIS could be useful, but the system is only as good as its programmer and its users, a lack of knowledge or incompetent programmer may cause the MIS to reduce in effectiveness. A great example of a system error occurring with the MIS system is in Knight Capital ââ¬â a mid-size financial firm. According to (Baumann, 2013) a code in the system had gone rogue before a trading day, when the opening bell was struck for the day, the company started losing $10 million a minute due to the system firing off trades, sources from within the company had predicted the company would become insolvent within an hour if the trades continued, the code was dug up within 45 minutes. However by then the damage was already done. This example shows that the MIS weakness is within the code itself. Implementing and modifications of a MIS is also a disadvantage because the expense is great, setting up and maintaining an effective MIS represents a significant portion of any companies expense, especially bigger organisations with many offices and spread out geographically, this leads to an even more expensive system to maintain. What more according to (Vitez, unknown), with new technological advances being made every day, upgrading hardware or even software for that matter will be a major expense to the company as well. In conclusion, there are both benefits and drawbacks to the MIS, it is entirely up to a manager as to how or whether or not he or she wants to implement or introduce such a system into the business. However as technology is advancing every day, the cost of setting up such systems are also decreasing with each step into the future. More and more companies are using advanced MIS to not only keep track of inventories and the like but also to project valuable proprietary information. Furthermore, as not all technological advances may be relevant to certain industriesââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢ MIS, it is also up to a manger whether or not to upgrade or modify existing systems. The main thing to take away is that the MIS is merely a tool, its ability is directly influenced by the person wielding the system, therefore as useful and important as a MIS is, certain jobs should never be automated. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-39348681334158263432020-03-05T11:46:00.001-08:002020-03-05T11:46:03.375-08:00buy custom Identity Theft-Credit Card Fraud essaybuy custom Identity Theft-Credit Card Fraud essay Recently, credit card fraud has been a serious problem in this world. Technology is so bloom currently; we usually shop online without going outside to purchase goods. What the intermediate we use to pay for the bill is by credit card. We have to fill in cardholders name, billing address, card number, and the most important item is security code. The security code is the key point to verify your credit card to go through the payment. Its impossible to use your card without that. However, some theft still can hack to your computer and record all of the information you fill in even the security code. Thus, some banks which issue credit card might use the newest technology, 3D verify, to protect the cardholders. In fact, Asia is full of fraud criminals that in almost every country. Especially in China and Taiwan, there are so many criminal groups doing credit card fraud to get money. I am from Taiwan, and I heard lots of news that all about credit card fraud, and I always buy stuff online, so I am afraid that my card might be stolen and used by the criminal group. As the result, I choose this topic to analyze and try to figure out what credit card fraud is and how to prevent it being stolen. Discussion There are some professional analyst who come up with some advices for credit card fraud, some technologist also do some innovation to protect the identity of credit card holders information, such as 3D verify. Im going to combine the information I found which wrote in introduction and the methods which can solve the credit card fraud. Moreover, I will come up with some idea for suggestion, even the ideas are still virtual, and maybe someday it will be used. Summary After all the research and finding, I will come up a conclusion for this research. By searching on internet and combine the news all together, there will be a most appropriate solution for this problem. Identity Theft Stealing millions of dollars from major retailers through identity theft is commonplace nowadays. Research shows that not all of those who have had their card number stolen have been identified by the officials yet. A lot of people are unaware that their identifying information has already been compromised. The most recent case is that of a person caught working as a confidential informant for a secret service and charged with computer fraud, access device fraud, wire fraud, aggravated identity theft and conspiracy. All these fraudulent acts were committed through stealing millions of credit and debit card numbers. By searching on the Internet and combining available information, one can come up with an appropriate solution for this problem. This paper details some of the suggestions on how to avoid being a victim of credit card fraud. To begin with, it is very important not to disclose your credit card information when you receive phone calls. Someone may call you and tell you there has been a 'computer problem' and they need you to verify information. Legitimate companies do not ask for credit card numbers over the telephone. Through my research, I came up safety tips to help cardholders. First, do not respond to emails asking you to provide your credit card information via email. Never respond to emails that request you to go to a website to confirm your personal (and credit card) information. These are scams known as phishing scams. Before providing your credit card information make sure the website you are about to log into is a secure one. Also, shred all the credit card applications you are given immediately. Do not leave your credit card and receipts lying around for others to see them. Shield your credit card number from everyone else because you can never be too sure who to trust. They may copy it or capture it with a phone or camera and use it for their own benefit. Update the stored information you have every time you get a new credit card. Do not carry any extra credit card you do not absolutely need to avoid losing them. Compare receipts with monthly bills and make sure there are no counterfei t charges in the credit card bills you receive. Destroy anything with your personal credit card number visible on it regularly. Do not lend your credit card to anyone you do not completely trust. If you move, notify your credit card issuer about the fact that you have changed your address (Hammond, 2003). Credit Card Fraud Thieves can go through trash and find discarded receipts or carbons. They use the account numbers written on them illegally. A clerk can make an extra imprint form in a persons credit or charge card. This clerk can use the number to make personal charges to his/her benefit. Sometimes, people respond to mailings asking them to call a long distance number for a free trip or bargain-priced travel package. They are then asked to first join a travel club and produce their account number to be billed. In reality, they never get their trip but have the charges added to their bill. Cardholders and issuers lose many hundreds of millions of dollar to credit and charge card fraud each year. They use peoples card numbers even without their knowledge. It is not completely possible to avoid credit or charge card fraud from happening. However, there are a few ways one can make it more difficult for crooks to capture their card or card numbers. These ways can decrease the possibility (Miller and Van dome, 2010). Government Involvement in Information Security Law enforcement officials often arrest suspects on charges related to credit card fraud, such as identity theft, computer fraud, credit card fraud and conspiracy. People steal millions of credit card numbers and financial information from the innocent. These characters aim for personal and financial information of normal citizens. They also target confidential and proprietary information of companies, especially those involved in e-commerce. Federal law enforcement agents cooperate with officials from various countries to arrest these fraud suspects. Investigations continue until those guilty of organized cybercrime are brought to justice The U.S. Department of Justice has made several arrests on charges of criminal copyright infringement in their operation Digital Gridlock. FBI and U.S. postal inspectors also announced that they made more than one hundred arrests in their operation Web Snare. Individuals have been accused of exchanging tutorials and information about identity theft and forgery. They have also been accused of trading sensitive personal and financial information. The charges include conspiring to commit identity fraud, trading emails with personal recognizing information, trafficking in credit numbers, and exchanging counterfeited and stolen identification files. They trade stolen credit card numbers and bank account information, credits cards, counterfeit passports, debit cards, drivers licenses, birth certificates, social security cards, college student ID cards, and health insurance cards. Identity fraud related charges have and continue to be made by the law. By going undercover, investigators have found out which sites are actively taking part in criminal conduct (Hayward, 2004). Information Security in Globalization Information economy and globalization have changed tremendously. Technology has advanced and so have the problems. Fraud has changed face with the development. However, there is nothing to link a fraud ring to any terrorist group. Several agncies have taken part in credit card fraud investigations. These agencies keep globalization in mind. Globalization has positive and negative implications on global and national security. Global market forces can generate a lot of wealth, thus giving a boost to economy. Unfortunately, where development is unequal, political tensions can be increased. The Internet has facilitated the spread of human rights throughout the world. It has also been used by individuals to disseminate information necessary for building weapons of terror. More states have access to fundamental technologies needed to make weapons of mass destruction because of the rising levels of industrial development. Open global market makes controlling traffic of weapons of mass destruction difficult. Whatever happens in one part of the world causes effects in the other. Information systems make the world of globalization happen and continue to remodel it. Nothing is what it used to be before. Large companies have the power to explore new ways to deal with the culture, norms, social values and local needs. China is testing national cyber defenses in its pursuit of cyber superiority. Its cyber warfare capabilities, far advanced than those of other countries, help it target both military and economic systems. The economy of a country depends on the safety and stability of its partner nations. Collaborator nations can lead to the rise or fall of a nation directly or indirectly. The world depends on some countries because they influence imports, human resource outsourcing, and information processing. If something negative happens in these countries, they are affected negatively as well. Interconnected economies create an environment with disadvantages. One or more infrastructure failures in a partner country can damage anothers stability. Global distribution of critical information and critical services is risky. It creates more opportunities for fraudsters to access, destruct and interrupt security of information. Security has become so intricate and multi-dimensional. Traditional national border-setting type of security insight is not capable of recognizing new threats that transcend the national borders. Terrorism has also become more complex and challenging with globalization. Global terror requires security cooperation among nations. Powerful states try to control the impact of globalization on terrorism. Globalized world faces international terrorism as a common enemy. Nations are much more connected and interdependent. This is a threat to the international security as a whole. Global terror is a problem for all human beings, and it has become even worse with the onset of globalization. The fight against terrorism has become a priority for all nations because it has acquired new characteristics. The nature and c ontent of terrorism keeps changing (Picker, 1986). States have taken measures to meet the challenges raised by development. Credit card cloning has also transcended borders in the era of globalization. Credit card companies continue to make higher-security credit cards. Chip-embedded cards cost more than magnetic strip ones. Credit card fraudsters use skimmers to capture the details of the credit card in the few seconds it takes to swipe a card through the machine. They download the captured information for whatever purpose without the knowledge of the cardholder. Some banking industries have come up with smart chips implanted in credit cards to secure the information stored in that the magnetic strip. Cardholders should be more careful these days. Credit card skimming discourages many consumers from making credit card purchases. Sophisticated counterfeiting technologies copy and use the information to reproduce counterfeit credit cards. With globalization, there is a rise in smart ways to secure credit cards. Unfortunately, the same globalization has aided fraudsters to come up with more smart ways to commit their credit card skims. Online Dating Scams Once they have your information, they can send emails or pop-up messages, pretending to be your financial institution so that you can give them your personal details. With your email address, or phone number, they can pretend to be your financial institution to get you to reveal your information. If they have your home address, they can change it and divert your bills and bank statements to another address. Never post personal information and details on dating websites. Do not share any personal information with anyone, however safe you feel it might be. It is wise to get to know someone before giving them your cell phone number and other contact details. Keep a log of all chat sessions where possible, in case you need it in the future. Sometimes, the person is not the person in the photos. They upload pictures of models or friends providing fake descriptions. Scammers use established dating sites to get someone to send them money. By pretending wanting to marry someone, they obtain their passports and then get a divorce. Do not provide your surname, address, credit or debit card details, post code, fixed line telephone, or where you work in dating websites (Layton, 2006) Companies have revealed products that could significantly reduce online credit card fraud. This is great news for e-commerce companies. Technology is being used to screen new orders against many common fraud detection factors. They leverage common transaction records from companies. They look at their transaction history and review previous criminal activities. They can compare shipping addresses and billing addresses for new customers against their history. They look at the customers location history and compare it with the current location of the computer they are placing an order with. The tools can also sense any unusual ordering patterns of the customer. Social Security Administration Social security administration gives information to the public about its programs. The information they provide is diverse. For instance, they have proposed changes that should be made to the social security system. These changes are necessary because security needs keep changing. Social security administration has impact on economy, society, and populations. They give detailed demographic and financial information on beneficiaries and covered workers. This information is very private and vital. The government planners, policy makers, economists, actuaries and other social scientists use these products to analyze social security programs. Their activities have a huge effect nation. Agencies should stay informed of the information needs. Once they note the changes, they must create new data, models, and information products where needed. (Federal Trade Commission, 2006) This way they produce useful and relevant information policy to the people. It keeps abreast of the information needs through various means. They also review analytical and statistical publications to ensure that they stay relevant and timely. They identify requirements, prepare analytical reports and modify the current models. Sometimes, they are required to create new models to deal with new needs. Their dissemination of information process makes information broadly available and accessible to authorized parties. The information and presentations are always accurate, unbiased and reliable. It employs professional standards of methodologies in the surveys and implementation. Statistically sound procedures are used to compile information. Before the final report is released, information is edited and proofread. If an error has been found, it is corrected and posted. Information is secured from unauthorized access to make sure it is not compromised. The Government Information Security RReform Act requires it to place policies and programs to secure its resources. If any sensitive information gets into the wrong hands, it may compromise a lot of people. It is vital to ensure very tight security of information (Finklea, 2009). Ecommerce Merchants The Internet provides anonymity, thus letting anyone access it from anywhere. It is a great thing and yet a bad one for e-commerce merchants. These merchants are involved in transactions with various people every day. Thus, they must practice some things to help reduce the rate of credit card frauds. Before considering utilizing payment gateways for your credit card transactions, it is important to inquire from the provider about their screening features. These gateway providers offer a protection to some degree. They compare billing details to those held by cardholders bank. Consider further screening strategies when using offline payment facilities. Consumers like privacy. Their credit card security lies in the hands of the merchants. The clients also value fast checkout processes. (Henderson, 2000) Keeping them too long with many questions may discourage them. Still, it is important to gather sufficient customer identity details during the process of ordering. Include information regarding the IP address of the individual placing the order in the order process. IP address is issued to a user each time they are logged on to the Internet by the Internet service provider. A unique identifier can be traced using free tools. Check if an order has a billing address of a location and the IP originates in another location. This may indicate that it is a fraud. Fraudsters can forge an IP address. Search for a number of declined transactions at the time the order is made. There will be various names and cards within a few minutes, but with a common IP. This is because fraudsters use credit cards immediately after they obtain them. On the other hand, some cardholders cancel their cards early enough. Therefore, fraudsters may have to try many detail sets before finding one that is still active. Fraudsters use fake emails. Some online businesses insist on getting a customers ISP or business email address before processing an online order. They refuse primary point contacts that are free email address services (Finklea, 2009). It is important to obtain a telephone contact number of the purchaser. They give out fake numbers. Check the phone details of the customer from the directory. There are softwares that identify the exact origin of the fraudster. Overseas orders are risky but profitable. It is a high risk transaction. Once you get extremely large orders, do some further investigation, especially if the customer is new. Follow up by calling relevant credit card companies when in doubt. High value items require photo identification. Visual anti-fraud policies minimize crime. It is important to use them on your site. Third party security and bold notices stating your position on fraud discourage some frauds. It will also demonstrate to the customers that security is taken seriously. Look for any other indicators of fraud and investigate them to get an accurate picture. E-commerce merchants need to join the fight to help protect their clients (Rapp, 1991). Conclusion Debit and credit card fraud takes place when someones credit or debit card information is used to obtain information without their authorization. Credit cards that use an embedded microchip make it more difficult for anyone else to access the data in the card. This chip technology has been tested and proven. They are becoming popular worldwide to enhance security. Investments and training on security networks continue to be made to monitor and investigate incidents that seem suspicious. Clients are protected from unauthorized use of their credit cards by their card providers. Law enforcement agencies are actively involved in protecting people from credit card frauds. Despite these efforts, there are precautions that credit card holders can take to reduce their risk of becoming a victim of fraud (Montage David, 2004). How to Evade Credit Card Fraud To avoid being a victim, here are further precautions people can follow to protect themselves: Make sure that you sign your credit and debit cards immediately they get to you. In addition, store and carry all your cards detached from your wallet. In case you lose your wallet, you will still have your credit cards with you. These cards can be carried in a small pouch, a zipped compartment or a business card holder. Another measure is to keep a record of all account numbers. Keep them together with their expiry dates. (Henderson, 1986) Noting them down and storing them ensures that in case of anything, you can countercheck them. Phone numbers and addresses of each company should be recorded and kept in a safe place. Do not lose them. Make sure you have an eye on your card during the time you are making the transaction. This is because someone may snatch it when you are not looking. Ensure that you get it back as soon as possible, too. You may forget it on the counter otherwise. (Maurer , 1974) It is good to void the receipts that are not correct and destroy all the carbons. Another step is to keep the receipts well. You might need them to verify something later. Do not throw them away. Compare them with your bill when it arrives. Sometimes, you may experience overcharge or strange charges you did not make. Open your bills very punctually so that you can notice any problem in time. Bring together your accounts every month to see if all your purchases are the only bills you get. Report any questionable charges you notice to the authority and your card issuer in writing. (Kaminski, 2004) There are also things one should never do with a credit card. For instance, do not lend your card to anyone no matter how much you think they can be trusted. These people may get your information from it and misuse it. Also, do not leave it lying around unattended. Do not sign any vacant receipts. When you do sign one, draw a line throughout any empty space over the total. Never write your account number on the outside of an envelope. Never write it on a postcard either be cause anyone might access it. In addition, do not give out your account number to anyone over the phone unless you are sure you are speaking to a company you already know is reputable and trust. If you are not sure about a company, check it out with your area consumer protection office or business bureau. If you ever lose your credit card, or realize that it has been stolen or lost, immediately call your issuer. Many companies have toll-free numbers that deal with emergencies of this kind on a 24-hour basis. The minute you report the loss or theft, it means that you have no additional responsibility for unauthorized charges. (Swierczynski, 2003) You may be requested to sign a statement under an oath that you did not make the purchase in question, if you suspect scam. Credit card scam on the Internet is increasing even more than the credit card fraud these days (Vesper, 2000). It is more secure to enter a credit card number on a sheltered online order form than it is to give a credit card to a waiter at any restaurant nowadays. The waiter may write down your credit card number. The waiter may pretend to be you later. He/she may place orders using it on the phone. The tempo of fraudulent purchases made through cell phone is soaring than that of the credit fraud on the Internet. Still, it is advised to take safety measures when giving out any classified information (especially your credit card number). This can be over the Internet or through the phone. Buy custom Identity Theft-Credit Card Fraud essay Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-37278152443133524722020-02-18T03:12:00.001-08:002020-02-18T03:12:02.302-08:00Religious figures Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 wordsReligious figures - Term Paper Example According to the History, Lord Mahavir was the last Tirthankara of the Jain religion. As per the Jain methodology all Tirthankaras were human beings. They acquired the status of perfection / enlightenment after passing through meditation and self realization. Hence, Jains consider themselves as the perfect human beings. They do not either accept God as their creator, protector and the destroyer of the Universe nor they believe in the destruction of demons (Nagaraja 43). Mahavira was born in 599 B.C. in the Bihar State of India in the Kingââ¬â¢s house. His followers celebrate his birthday each year as Mahavir Jayanti. The name given to him by his parents was Vardhaman. Being a loving son of his parents, he used to enjoy pleasures and comforts of life in a princely manner. When he attained the age of 30, he gave up all the pleasures of material world and left his family and the Royal abode for good in search of finding solution to the problems of common people and became Monk (Jain & Upadhye 36). After leaving the family and the Royal home, he spent his next 12 years in deep silence and meditation to get rid of the pleasures of life. He did not indulge in any activities that could be harmful for the animals and the birds. In some part of the mentioned period, he lived without food. He found himself quite calm and composed in the face of unbearable sufferings. Due to cited qualities, he earned the fame of Mahavir, which means brave and courageous. During said period, his spiritual power completely developed and comes to the stage of self realization. Such realization in the religion of Jain is known as keval jnana (perfect/enlighten) (Jain & Upadhye 39).à Soon after completion of self realization exercise, Mahavir spent another 30 years of his life to travel in the length and width of India barefooted. During this period, he used to teach people about the truth that he realized. He appraised the people how an individual can enjoy freedom from the cycle of bi rth, pain, misery, life and death and to achieve the state of bliss for good. This state of bliss is known as nirvana or moksha (Nagaraja 54). According to the beliefs of Mahavir, under the influence of karma, the soul becomes greedy of worldly pleasures (personal belongings and possessions). In his view, worldly pleasures make an individual self centered resulting in more and more amassing of karmas.à He used to preach the right faith, right path and good conduct, which played decisive role in freeing the soul from the clutches of karma (Winternitz 107). We cite here three major events of the life of Mahavir a) Conception (Chyavana), an event when his mother conceived him in her womb b) after conceiving him in womb, the mother had fourteen dreams, but as per the belief of Digambar, they were sixteen dreams and c) his birth was the memorable event for his mother and the family alike. According to the belief of Mahavirââ¬â¢s followers, soon after his birth, the King of Heaven to ok him to the Mount of Meru and celebrated his birthday. The most important event in his life was when he gave up all worldly materials in his possession and took refuge in the ascetic order (Jain & Upadhye 47). The ages of darkness in the life of mankind, gave birth to three great religions namely Islam, Christianity and Judaism. The mentioned religions are deep rooted religions. The said religions made its inroads in the Old Testament patriarch. Abraham used to teach their followers about one God and no more (known as Ibrahim in Islam), was said Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-86693170690662703822020-02-03T15:55:00.001-08:002020-02-03T15:55:02.371-08:00The Continuum From Legitimacy to Fraud Research Paper - 2The Continuum From Legitimacy to Fraud - Research Paper Example The main Research methods include quantitative, mixed methods, and qualitative approaches methods. The criteria of choosing a research method depend on the decisions on questions to be answered and data type required (Stangor, 2011). A research considers various aspects like the person who will collect data, place of data collection and data the researcher seeks to collect. Other factors considered in the selection criteria are; methodology to be used and data analysis type. The method of research selected should answer the questions and be in line with the methodology (Cozby, 2009). Quantitative research involves deductive and pivots in a hypothesis that is recognized prior to the research. Qualitative research involves inductive and needs no hypothesis formulation for the research. A mixed research method comprises the use of both quantitative and qualitative method (Zikmund, Babin, Carr, & Griffin, 2010). Quantitative Research Method This research considers a general case then mov es towards a specific case. This method considers a probable cause of a problem and anticipates validating its effect. The cause and effect factor depends on the strength of variables relationship. If the variables are strongly related, the relationship of cause and effect becomes highly probable (Cozby, 2009). An example of this method is a research to evaluate the differences in use of websites carts of shopping and online consumer purchasing behavior. General Cause The general cause involves the purchasing habit of internet customers who put commodities in the shopping carts that are online. However, these shoppers do not complete several purchases. Analysing this behavior varies from the purchasing habit of online shoppers who never use shopping carts to hold commodities they never purchase. Specific Effect The specific effect comprises of internet shoppers who routinely put commodities in their online shopping carts but do not accomplish the purchase, and are 75% more probable to revisit the same websites late complete the purchase within a week. Research Finding Holding the contents in the internet-shopping cart for 10 days when a shopper goes offline, prior to finishing a purchase, is favorable business and implies a high possibility of potential purchases by that customer on the same website. Hypothesis This is a guess in a statement or a query form, which a research attempts to answer. A quantitative research has two-hypotheses. Null hypothesis (Ho) is where a researcher does not anticipate the guess to be true. In the end of the research, the researcher will scrutinize the data collected in order to either acknowledge or reject the negative hypothesis. Testing a hypothesis is the confirmation of the assumption or the hypothesis. In the alternative hypothesis, (Ha), a researcher supposes the guess is true. When a researcher rejects the null hypothesis, it implies that the alternative hypothesis might be accepted. This means likelihood that the data er ror that would make the Ha not true is reasonably minute by scientific standards. There is no absolute hypothesis testing in any quantitative research (Stangor, 2011). From the example, on the online study: Ho = Online buyer who puts commodities in the cart prior to leaving the website is more probable to revisit and complete a transaction than online buyers who do not put commodities in their cart, but also return to the website.à Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-81993679344688644542020-01-26T12:19:00.001-08:002020-01-26T12:19:02.945-08:00For and against the use of vaccinationFor and against the use of vaccination I am no longer trying to dig up evidence to prove vaccines cause autism. There is already abundant evidenceà ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦Ã ¢Ã¢â ¬Ã ¦This debate is not scientific but is political (Ayoub, D. (2006).Using your knowledge of immunology, discuss the arguments for and against the use of vaccination. Vaccination has become an extensively useful strategy for the prevention of infectious disease and continues to be one of the most successful health interventions and remains one of societys best healthcare investments (ref). Never in the history of human progress, wrote the pathologist Geoffrey Edsal, Has a better and cheaper method of preventing illness been developed than immunisation at its best (ref). The mainly ambitious aim of vaccination is eradication of the disease. This has been achieved for smallpox; the eradication of polio is being attempted and there has been a dramatic downward trend in the incidence of most of the diseases against which vaccines are currently used. The incidence of the invasive disease Haemophilus influenza, which causes bacterial meningitis in children has decreased in the United States of America by an impressive 99%, sby introducing the vaccine in 1988 (ref). Children born in the U.S. are fully vaccinated from the age of 1 years old to adolescence, saving approximately 33,000 lives and an estimated 14 million infections (ref). However, as long as any focus of infection remains in the community, the main effect of vaccination will be the protection of the individual against the disease (ref). The success of a vaccination programme relies not only on the development and use of vaccines themselves, but also on an understanding of the epidemiologic aspe cts of disease transmission (ref).Vaccination aims to prime the adaptive immune system to the antigens of a particular microbe so that a first infection induces a secondary response. The principle of vaccination is simple; to induce a primed state so that on first contact with the relevant infection, a rapid and effective secondary immune response will be mounted, leading to prevention of disease. Vaccination depends upon the ability of lymphocytes, both B and T cells, to respond to specific antigens and develop into memory cells, and therefore represents a form of activity enhanced adaptive immunity (ref).In 1999, the Centres for Disease Control (CDC) and the American Academy of Paediatrics (AAP) requested that vaccine makers should remove a organomercury compound called thiomersal from vaccines (ref). This was phased out of the United States of America and European vaccines, except for some preperations of influenza vaccine (ref). The CDC and the AAP decided that there was no harm in exercising caution, even if it did turn about to be unwarranted, however the actions sparked confusion and controversy which result in the diversion of attention and resources away from the efforts to determine the causes of autism (ref). Child vaccines which contained the thiomersal was alleged to contribute to autism (ref), however in 2004 the Institute of Medicine (IOM) committee rejected any causal relationship between autism and thiomersal-contain ing vaccines (ref). However the incidence of autism increased steadily despite the removal of thiomersal from childhood vaccine (ref). thiomersal exposure has not been accepted as a factor in causing autism (ref). Immunisation safety is a real concern because all vaccines may cause side effects. Both healthcare workers and patients need reminding that immunisation is an induced controlled stimulus to the immune system, so therefore some adverse reactions can be expected. Most of the reactions however, are transient and mild. Immunisation safety concerns have existed since the day of the first available vaccine. Since the introduction of Jenners cowpox vaccine, the benefits of saving children from tragic outcomes of common diseases outweigh the risks of perceived adverse events following immunisation. Immunisation safety concerns are different from concerns about other medical interventions because they are administered to generally healthy individuals and the tolerance of adverse events following immunisation is subsequently lower compared to adverse events following medication for an existing illness (ref). The success of immunisation programmed depends on the public confidence in their safety despite the side effects vaccines may cause. Concerns about immunisation safety often follow a pattern: a medical condition is suggested as an adverse effect of the vaccination, then a premature announcement is made of the alleged effects which then results in several years to try and regain the publics confidence in the vaccine (ref). Vaccination in the United Kingdom became widespread in the ear;y 1800s after the work by Jenner (ref). Vaccination acts were brought in to force to encourage vaccination and it was made mandatory that all infants in 1853 were vaccinated (ref). Refusal to have the vaccinations received the highest penalty resulting in a prison sentence (ref). The relationship between the British State and its citizens significantly changed, causing a public backlash. In 1867, a law extended the requirements to the age of 14 years old, however, opponents focused in 1898 on it causing an infringement of individuals freedom, which resulted in a law allowing for conscientious objection to compulsory vaccination (ref). Compulsory vaccination policies at various times provoked opposition from people who believe that the government should not be infringing on individuals freedom to choose what medications they take, even if this increases a risk of disease to themselves and others (ref). Some vaccine critics claim that public health has never had any benefits from vaccination (ref). They argue that any reduction on communicable diseases, which were rampant in conditions where overcrowding, poor sanitation, poor diet and an almost non-existent hygiene existed, reduced due to the changes in the conditions excepting vaccination (ref). Others dispute that vaccines only give a temporary immunity and therefore boosters are required, whereas those who have survived the disease develop a permanent immunity (ref). Children who have survived diseases such as diphtheria go on to develop a natural immunity which will remain longer than any immunity developed by the vaccination (ref). Some critics argue that the benefits of reducing the mortality rates among the general population outweigh all health risks associated to older or weaker adults (ref). Vast improvements have been made to public health (ref). Despite vaccines causing side effects and immunisation safety is a real concern, public attention shifts away from the risks as the success of the immunisation programme increases (ref) and the incidence of disease decreases (ref). However health authorities are finding it challenging to preserve public support for the vaccination programmes (ref).The rate in diagnosis of autism has had a worldwide increase (ref) , driven by the broadened diagnostic criteria and increased awareness concerns have been fuelled that vaccines might cause autism (ref). Theories for this alleged association have mainly centred on the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR vaccine (ref). however, studies in biology and epidemiology have failed to support these claims (ref). The MMR vaccine in the United Kingdom was the subject of controversy, when a paper was published in The Lancet in 1998. The paper written by a Gastroenterologist Dr Andrew Wakefield et al, reporting a small study of 12 children, whom mostly with autism spectrum disorders with sudden onset after administration of the Vaccine (ref). During a 1998 press conference, Andrew Wakefield suggested that it would be safer to give children the vaccine in three separate doses rather than a single vaccination. This suggestion was never supported by the paper and subsequent peer-reviewed studies failed to find any association between the autism and the vaccine (ref). In 2001 and 2002, the controversy grew momentum. In 2001 26% of family doctors felt that the government had failed to prove that there was no link between autism and the MMR (ref). By 2002, over 1257 stories were published (ref). The confidence in the MMR fell as a result of the scare, from 59% to 41% (ref). A survey of 366 family doct ors in the United Kingdom in 2003, reported that 77% would recommend giving the child the MMR vaccine, even if there was a close family history of autism (ref). In the same study an extremely small number, 3% of the family doctors thought that autism could sometimes be the caused by the MMR vaccine (ref). A similar survey (ref) found that confidence in the MMR had been increasing over the previous two years (ref). Most of the UK National Health Service doctors only had the combined vaccine and those who did not want to give their children the combined vaccine had to pay for the separate vaccines or not vaccinate their children (ref), which added to the controversy of the MMR. Tony Blair, who was the Prime Minister at the time, strongly supported the vaccines stating the vaccine was safe (ref mmr vaccine). However, on several occasions Tony Blair would refuse on grounds of personal privacy whether his son had received the vaccine, in contrast the now immunised (ref), The risks of children catching the disease while waiting for the full immunisation coverage decreases with the administration of the combined vaccine instead of separate vaccines (ref). The combined vaccines two injections cause the children less pain and distress, rather that the six injections required by the separate vaccines, and there is the likelihood of some being delayed or missed due to extra clinic visits (ref). Vaccination uptake had significantly increased in the UK when the MMR became available in 1988 (ref mmr vaccine). Health professionals have heavily criticised media coverage of the controversy from triggering a decline in vaccination rates (ref mmr). MMR vaccination compliance dropped significantly after the controversy began in the UK, from 92% in 1996 to 84% in 2002. In 2003, in some London boroughs, it was a low as 615, which is far below the rate needed to avoid an epidemic of measles (ref). The incidence of the three diseases increased significantly in the UK (ref). 56% cases of measles were confirmed in the 1998, this increased over the years and in 2006, 449 cases were reported in first five months of the year (ref)m and the first death since 1992, these cases occurred in children who were inadequately vaccinated (ref). In 1999, cases of mumps began to rising after years of very few cases and by the year 2005, there was a mumps epidemic with nearly 5000 notifications in January 2005 alone (ref). Disease outbreaks also caused casualties in nearby countries. In Ireland an outbreak in 2000 resulted in 1500 cases and 3 deaths, all as a result of the decrease vaccination rates following the MMR controversy (ref) Measles was declared an endemic in the UK in 2008 for the first time in 14 years. A population of susceptible children who would spread the disease was created following the low MMR vaccination rates (ref). MMR vaccination rates amongst English children have remained unchanged in 2007-08, a level to low to prevent another serious measles outbreak (ref). It later emerged that Andrew Wakefield had not informed the medical authorities or colleagues that he had received funding from litigants against vaccine manufacturers (ref). Wakefield has been heavily criticised for instigating a decline in the vaccination rates and medically (ref) especially on the way the research was conducted ethically (ref) The Sunday Times in 2009 reported that patient data was manipulated by Wakefield and misreported the results in his 1998 paper, creating the appearance of a link between autism and the MMR (ref). A systematic review of 31 scientific studies by the Cochrane Library in 2005 concluded that there is no credible evidence to support any links between Autism and the MMR vaccine, and that the MMR is necessary in the prevention of disease with carries the potential rick of complication and even death in some cases (ref). The report also highlighted that the lack of confidence in the MMR has damaged public health and that the design and reporting of the safety outcomes was largely inadequate (ref). Ensuring the safety of vaccination is a major component of the national immunisation programmes of most countries. A major part of this effort is surveillance, and scientific studies about the possible occurrence of adverse events following immunisation. Although a number of vaccine safety studies is increasing, this is not in response to any evidence about the true safety of vaccines, but in response to the increasing number of new vaccines being used and the complex nature of these vaccines. A number of vaccine safety studies have been conducted or are in progress, some in reaction to the climate of concern, some carried out proactively and others as part of ongoing surveillance. However, because the number of safety-orientated studies is increasing, one should be aware that this fact in itself could contribute to the concern. The internet has increasingly become a powerful means of international communication and an almost inexhaustible source of information, capable of playing an influential role in both the positive and the negative sense. It represents a direct and efficacious tool to spread a positive message and to stress the health benefits, economic attractiveness and safety of vaccination. However, inaccurate, misleading or simply wrong information regarding potential side effects or dangers of vaccination spreading through the internet exacerbates worries about vaccine safety and may cause parents to postpone or refuse vaccination of their children. A wide range of issues concerning vaccine safety is being taken up by anti-vaccination groups as well as by other groups whose concerns may reflect local customs, or religious, political or other beliefs. Anti-vaccination lobbies have also understood the possibilities of the internet can be exploited and could strengthen their means to campaign against vaccination. This is demonstrated by the occurrence of a multitude of specific websites heavily relying on emotional appeal while proclaiming a message that undermines the benefits of vaccination. Vaccine scares continue to have an impact on immunisation coverage. To respond to this challenge, there is a need to develop vaccine communication strategies that provide a balance between evidence-based information and advocacy and lobbying activities. Furthermore, compiling independent, international reviews of vaccine safety issues is required, together with relevant statements from authoritative neutral expert groups. This should be done within a strong international collaboration, with direct, early and clear statements agreed on by authorities and other key parties, preceding public communications. Creating a positive environment for immunisation can be achieved by supporting evidence-based information thus repositioning the importance and value of vaccines and vaccination. This will ultimately ease the task of health care decision makers, especially in developing proactive communication strategies to deal with crises that have a potentially negative impact on vaccine coverage, and consequently on the health status of children. Loss of public confidence in vaccination is one of the greatest threats to public health and must be addressed by local, national and international bodies, pooling resources, to prepare for possible issues that might be taken up by anti-vaccination groups or the media. The health care community should actively promote, and personally recommend, the benefits and safety of vaccination in language that is readily and easily understood by the targeted audience. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-73114397762290050292020-01-18T08:42:00.001-08:002020-01-18T08:42:03.744-08:00How Far Should a State Have a Right to Monitor the Actions of People Within Its Borders?The state should monitor the actions of people within its borders if such actions pose a threat to the national security. A nation's security is of an utmost importance to a country as it ensures the survivability of a country. It is with this reason that the government should have a right to monitor the actions of the people within its borders. This refers to individuals who engage in terrorist activities with the aim of conducting terrorist attacks in the country to instill fear in others. E. g. In Singapore, the government monitored the actions of Mas Selamat when the police received tip off of his plan to bomb the Singapore Changi Airport in 2002, where he was eventually arrested. The state should have a right to monitor the actions of the people within its borders, especially during stressful times such as war; as long as its monitoring does not result in the violation of human rights. Possessing the highest power, the state has jurisdiction in virtually all areas that society h as to deal with. Hence, it does have the right to monitor the actions of people. In times of war, famine, disease and violent acts will arise. In such times, the general public is unable to control and detain the situation, thus requiring the intervention of a higher power. For example, the state should have the right to implement a curfew during a war. This helps keep the people safe and reduces the chance of a violent protest or riot that may result in more deaths. Eg: During the 2010 clash between the red shirts and the yellow shirts in Thailand, the state intervened and imposed a curfew to monitor the actions of the Thais. This action has prevented more deaths and kept the people safe. Thus, the state should intervene in times of war to help control the situation. Government should not have the right to monitor actions of people when it comes to choosing one's life partner. Individuals should be given the freedom to decide with whom they would want to spend the rest of their lives with. If the government were to interfere in this issue, it would go against the basic human rights of freedom of choice. However, the state should not intervene when it violates human rights. The purpose of the state monitoring is to benefit the people; however when the state crosses the line and invades the privacy of people, this right should be revoked. Eg: the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in America has the authority to monitor anyone without the person legally consenting to it. This has resulted in the unhappiness of Americans and resulting in Americans losing faith in their legal system. Thus, the state should have a right to monitor the actions of people when in dire situations such as war but not at the expense of the privacy of people. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-88502625374006071192020-01-10T05:05:00.001-08:002020-01-10T05:05:03.533-08:00The Secret Details Regarding Course Work That People Do Not Know About The Secret Details Regarding Course Work That People Do Not Know About Coursework writing is a fundamental assignment for higher classes, which is intended to create a better comprehension of subject. A zoology coursework is intended to be assigned for much better comprehension of the subject. Such writing companies help students score superior grades as crazy tone assignments place an incorrect impression. On the flip side, students who write excellent thesis discover that it's straightforward to compose excellent papers. You are able to choose the examination in centers around the nation. Nonetheless, the center is well known for being a multi-cultural affair where students get to find out more about different cultures. Adult education is available almost all over the Earth, therefore it's no surprise you're able to come across adult education courses in Washington DC. The above mentioned are a few of the more important expectations that students have from their digital marketing and advertising training. Standard class attendance is crucial as it requires discipline, time management abilities and enhances critical thinking abilities to each student. The student must make the best decision which most suits his profile and future career aspirations. The students score low marks since they submit low excellent work. Details of Course Work A round of miniature golf appeals to just about anyone who would like to play an intriguing game with a mixture of easy and hard holes. If you have trouble with the class, attempt to acquire help. Decide upon what you would like and check that the course that you're taking will provide what you're searching for. Decide whether you wish to construct an indoor or outdoor course before searching for an acceptable property. Today everyone wants to earn more money but few folks have time for second jobs. Most people today see the entire tree in a couple of glances. After high school, often it happens that people have to have a pass on attending college for several of factors. Most people somehow fail to complete their class since they did not attend regularly. Since it supplies you the tools to check upon when it's required! The training regime covers anatomy, medical terminology, physiology, and numerous laboratory procedures. You read the material, learn what things to do, and use the strategies online. In many instances, specific entry requirements through exams might also be required. In many instances, the program work isn't simple to grasp. The variety of cases beneath the mean in a standard distribution is equivalent to the range of cases over the mean, which make the mean and median coincide. It's not mandatory to enroll and attend the class but if you would like to fully grasp why su ch policies exist and why there's a demand for you to obey the rules and regulations being imposed, attendance is crucial to reach your target. Simply take the gear your course work taught you you will have to have on board, along with the items suggested by the firm. On the flip side, Chinese on-line course providers make usage of more structured audio-visual displays. The college partners with industries to make certain that students attain knowledge that's relevant in the modern competitive world. If you intend to start the company at home then it is essential that person should submit an application for the Post Office number as well so the customers can readily get in touch with them without any trouble. The Argument About Course Work Studying abroad at decent universities with courses to coordinate with your profile is an excellent choice. There are particular states which do not demand particular courses from homeschoolers. You should likewise be able to pay a non-re fundable college training course. In Colleges and Universities, you're competing with the smartest students from all over the state. In the instance of a non-credit class, you will not find a degree. Typically someone with a diploma or A.S. in Nursing is going to be in a position to earn their own Bachelor's, either on the internet or from a more conventional campus based program. An individual can go for the traditional MBA programs or secondary level. Students who intend to continue their education and get a Master's degree will want to meet language requirements by taking two decades of a foreign language. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-28262469599879318462020-01-02T01:30:00.001-08:002020-01-02T01:30:03.484-08:00Positive Psychology A Brief History, Critics,... Running Head: APPLICATIONS OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 3 Positive Psychology: A Brief History, Methodology, and Application 1. Introduction 1.1. A Brief History The genealogy of positive psychology established its roots in the development of humanistic psychology in the mid-20th century. The more traditional approaches of modern psychology as developed by Freud and B. F. Skinner, respectively, are psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. One theory may suggest that the shift of the American labor movement from an industrial-based to a cognitive-cultural economy created the need for a more capable worker. As manufacturing and factory-style work diminished, sectors such as business, financial and personalâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The field of positive psychology has greatly expanded the conversation regarding positive experiences, relationships and social systems. Increasingly, psychologists are including a focus on treatment which recognizes a personââ¬â¢s strengths, talents, and abilities comparably with their mental weaknesses and inadequacies. 2. Scientific Approach Research has greatly increased in scope and construct, creating a wide array of experimentation. According to Positive Psychology UK (2013), the goal of positive psychology ââ¬Å"is to bring solid empirical research in areas such as well-being, flow, personal strengths, wisdom, creativity, psychological health, and characteristics of positive groups and institutions.â⬠The research of positive psychology is produced on three principle levels ââ¬â the individual level, the subjective level, and the group level. The focus of the subjective level is mainly concerned with the measurement of positive experiences such as well-being, happiness, optimism, flow, and joy. At the individual level, the objective is to identify and measure positive human traits and qualities which demonstrate a ââ¬Ëlife of qualityââ¬â¢, as, for example, necessary attributes of a ââ¬Ëgood personââ¬â¢. The group level emphasizes the macro-scale of social paradigms.Show MoreRelatedPersonal Theory Paper4363 Words à |à 18 PagesSpirituality in Counseling Lynn C. Ball Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary May 8, 2015 Abstract I stumbled through the first thirty-eight years of life attempting to mask the hurts caused by myself and others. I was my own worst critic fueled by raging addictions and chaos; searching to find a perfection that could never be achieved. Life was a hurricane of madness and at the center of that storm was the Father waiting for me to give Him my whole heart. The purpose of this paperRead MoreEffects of Computer Games in Students3968 Words à |à 16 PagesThe first reason that teenagers play computer games too much is very simple, because computer games are very fun. Computer gamesââ¬â¢ aims focus on to relieve stress. Therefore, computer games are very splendid violent content. There has long been the brief that violent content may teach violent behaviorâ⬠ââ¬Å"Mind and Mediaâ⬠. Moreover, Barrie Gunter asserted, ââ¬Å"Extrapolating â⬠¦ from playing computer or video games with violent themes, such as heightening of perceptions risk or danger in the real world,â ⬠ââ¬Å"TheRead MoreThe Importance of Demography to Development11868 Words à |à 48 Pagesboth qualitative and quantitative methods, including case studies, survey research, statistical analysis, and model building among others. 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PART Read MoreA Case Study of Performance Appraisal26392 Words à |à 106 Pagesgap between expectations and experiences lay in the current system, with respondents particularly concerned about the lack of training and over-simplistic documentation. Non-measurement of competencies was also a concern. Respondents were generally positive about recent experiences of appraisal. The findings suggest that motivated managers have made the system work for them, despite concerns about process, and respondents believe fairness is generally achieved. More attention is required to appraise Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-56392589234572024912019-12-24T21:15:00.001-08:002019-12-24T21:15:02.712-08:00Symptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder - 1174 Words Have you ever thought that everyone around you was bipolar? Is there a person around you who constantly says that just about everyone around you is bipolar? Or perhaps you thought that you yourself could possibly be bipolar. If that was, or is you, then you have probably been wondering what bipolar disorder is. If so, then take a look at the definition of bipolar disorder by the signs and symptoms, what causes it, and what treatment there is for it. The signs and symptoms of bipolar disorder are unique to each individual classified as bipolar. Yet they have a set of basic symptoms, which include mania; depression; a mood disturbance that is bad enough to require hospitalization to prevent harm to others or oneââ¬â¢s self or there are psychoticâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦It usually starts when you are a teenager, although it has been known to start later in life. Some experts have discovered that the initial episodes of depression or hyperactivity in adolescents are later changed to a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. It is curious that family and friends are usually more comfortable dealing with the depressed stage of bipolar than the manic or hypomanic stages. The reason for this is that the person who is in a manic or hypomanic state can be very unpredictable and rather scary. There are people who while in a manic state can be very charismatic and fascinating to be around. It is these people who do not realize that they hav e a disease and will refuse treatment because they do not want to interrupt the flow of the creative juices. As they say in the New Hope for People with Bipolar Disorder, ââ¬Å"The diagnosis of bipolar disorder is largely based on the history of prior behaviors, thought patterns, and moods, as well as family history of mood disordersâ⬠(Fawcett, Golden, and Rosenfeld 34). Thus it is vital for the doctor to get this information from the patient to properly diagnosis them. How do you know you have bipolar disorder and what causes bipolar disorder? It is a combination of a chemical reaction in the brain and heredity. Heredity means that your mom, or your dad or even your grandma or grandpa or possibly any combination of the above group or Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-42403870246409615532019-12-16T17:44:00.001-08:002019-12-16T17:44:07.354-08:00Economic Interdependence Free Essays string(239) " notion of economic interdependence, fusing the liberal insight that the benefits of trade give states an incentive to avoid war with the realist view that the potential costs of being cut off can push states to war to secure vital goods\." Economic Interdependence and War: A Theory of Trade Expectations Author(s): Dale C. Copeland Source: International Security, Vol. 20, No. We will write a custom essay sample on Economic Interdependence or any similar topic only for you Order Now 4 (Spring, 1996), pp. 5-41 Published by: The MIT Press Stable URL: http://www. jstor. org/stable/2539041 Accessed: 12/10/2010 13:07 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTORââ¬â¢s Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www. jstor. org/page/info/about/policies/terms. jsp. JSTORââ¬â¢s Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www. jstor. org/action/showPublisher? publisherCode=mitpress. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor. org. The MIT Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to International Security. http://www. jstor. org Economic DaleC. Copeland Interdependence and War A Theory of Trade Expectations Does economic inter- dependence increase or decrease the probability of war among states? With the Cold War over, this question is taking on importance as trade levels between established powers such as the United States and Russia and emerging powers such as Japan, China, and Western Europe grow to new heights. In this article, I provide a new dynamic theory to help overcome some of the theoretical and empirical problems with current liberal and realist views on the question. The prolonged debate between realists and liberals on the causes of war has been largely a debate about the relative salience of different causal variables. Realists stress such factors as relative power, while liberals focus on the absence or presence of collective security regimes and the pervasiveness of democratic communities. Economic interdependence is the only factor that plays an important causal role in the thinking of both camps, and their perspectives are diametrically opposed. Liberals argue that economic interdependence lowers the likelihood of war by increasing the value of trading over the alternative of aggression: interdependent states would rather trade than invade. As long as high levels of Dale C. Copelands AssistantProfessorn the Department f Governmentnd ForeignAffairsat the i i o a University f V irginia. o For their helpful comments on previous drafts of this article, I would like to thank Robert Art, V. Natasha Copeland, Michael Desch, Angela Doll, John Duffield, Matthew Evangelista, Richard Falkenrath, James Fearon, Joseph Grieco, Atsushi Ishida, Irving Lachow, Alastair lain Johnston, Andrew Kydd, Jack Levy, Lisa Martin, Michael Mastanduno, John Mearsheimer, Andrew Moravcsik, John Owen, Paul Papayoanou, Stephen Rhoads, Gideon Rose, Richard Rosecrance, Len Schoppa, Herman Schwartz, Randall Schweller, Jitsuo Tsuchiyama, David Waldner, and Stephen Walt. This article also benefited from presentations at the Program on International Politics, Economics, and Security at the University of Chicago; the University of Virginia Department of Governmentââ¬â¢s faculty workshop; the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September 1995; the Olin security workshop at the Center for International Affairs, Harvard University; and the Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard University (under whose auspices it was written). All errors remain mine. 1. For a summary of the causal variables in the two schools, see John J. Mearsheimer, ââ¬Å"Back to the Future: Instability in Europe After the Cold War,â⬠InternationalSecurity, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Summer 1990), pp. 5-56; Robert 0. Keohane, ââ¬Å"International Liberalism Reconsidered,â⬠in John Dunn, ed. , The EconomicLimits to ModernPolitics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 165-194. InternationalSecurity, Vol. 20, No. 4 (Spring 1996), pp. 5-41 ? 1996 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology InternationalSecurity 20:4 | 6 interdependence can be maintained, liberals assert, we have reason for optimism. Realists dismiss the liberal argument, arguing that high interdependence increases rather than decreases the probability of war. In anarchy, states must constantly worry about their security. Accordingly, interdependence-meaning mutual dependence and thus vulnerability-gives states an incentive to initiate war, if only to ensure continued access to necessary materials and goods. The unsatisfactory nature of both liberal and realist theories is shown by their difficulties in explaining the run-ups to the two World Wars. The period up to World War I exposes a glaring anomaly for liberal theory: the European powers had reached unprecedented levels of trade, yet that did not prevent them from going to war. Realists certainly have the correlation right-the war was preceded by high interdependence-but trade levels had been high for the previous thirty years; hence, even if interdependence was a necessary condition for the war, it was not sufficient. At first glance, the period from 1920 to 1940 seems to support liberalism over realism. In the 1920s, interdependence was high, and the world was essentially peaceful; in the 1930s, as entrenched protectionism caused interdependence to fall, international tension rose to the point of world war. Yet the two most aggressive states in the system during the 1930s, Germany and Japan, were also the most highly dependent despite their efforts towards autarchy, relying on other states, including other great powers, for critical raw materials. Realism thus seems correct in arguing that high dependence may lead to conflict, as states use war to ensure access to vital goods. Realismââ¬â¢s problem with the interwar era, however, is that Germany and Japan had been even more dependent in the 1920s, yet they sought war only in the late 1930s when their dependence, although still significant, had fallen. The theory presented in this article-the theory of trade expectations-helps to resolve these problems. The theory starts by clarifying the notion of economic interdependence, fusing the liberal insight that the benefits of trade give states an incentive to avoid war with the realist view that the potential costs of being cut off can push states to war to secure vital goods. You read "Economic Interdependence" in category "Essay examples" The total of the benefits and potential costs of trade versus autarchy reveals the true level of dependence a state faces, for if trade is completely severed, the state not only loses the gains from trade but also suffers the costs of adjusting its economy to the new situation. Trade expectations theory introduces a new causal variable, the expectations of future trade, examining its impact on the overall expected value of the trading option if a state decides to forgo war. This supplements the static Economicnterdependence War| 7 and I consideration in liberalism and realism of the levels of interdependence at any point in time, with the importance of leadersââ¬â¢ dynamic expectations into the future. Levels of interdependence and expectations of future trade, considered simultaneously, lead to new predictions. Interdependence can foster peace, as liberals argue, but this will only be so when states expect that trade levels will be high into the foreseeable future. If highly interdependent states expect that trade will be severely restricted-that is, if their expectations for future trade are low-realists are likely to be right: the most highly dependent states will be the ones most likely to initiate war, for fear of losing the economic wealth that supports their long-term security. In short, high interdependence can be either peace-inducing or war-inducing, depending on the expectations of future trade. This dynamic perspective helps bridge the gaps within and between current approaches. Separating levels of interdependence from expectations of future trade indicates that states may be pushed into war even if current trade levels are high, if leaders have good reason to suspect that others will cut them off in the future. In such a situation, the expected value of trade will likely be negative, and hence the value of continued peace is also negative, making war an attractive alternative. This insight helps resolve the liberal problem with World War I: despite high trade levels in 1913-14, declining expectations for future trade pushed German leaders to attack, to ensure long-term access to markets and raw materials. Even when current trade is low or non-existent, positive expectations for future trade will produce a positive expected value for trade, and therefore an incentive for continued peace. This helps explain the two main periods of detente between the Cold War superpowers, from 1971 to 1973 and in the late 1980s: positive signs from U. S. eaders that trade would soon be significantly increased coaxed the Soviets into a more cooperative relationship, reducing the probability of war. But in situations of low trade where there is no prospect that high trade levels will be restored in the future, highly dependent states may be pushed into conflict. This was the German and Japanese dilemma before World War II. The article is divided into three sections. The first section reviews liberal and realist theories on the relationship between economic interdependence and the probability of war, and provides a critique of both theories. The second section lays out trade expectations theory The final section examines the diplomatic historical evidence for the new theory against two significant cases: Germany Internationalecurity20:4 | 8 S before World War I and Germany before World War II. The evidence indicates that the new variable, expectations of future trade, helps resolve the anomalies for current theories: in both cases, negative expectations for future trade, combined with high dependence, led leaders into total war out of fear for their long-term economic position and therefore security. TheLiberal nd RealistDebateon Economic nterdependence a I War and The core liberal position is straightforward. 2 Trade provides valuable benefits, or ââ¬Å"gains from trade,â⬠to any particular state. A dependent state should therefore seek to avoid war, since peaceful trading gives it all the benefits of close ties without any of the costs and risks of war. Trade pays more than war, so dependent states should prefer to trade not invade. This argument is often supported by the auxiliary proposition that modern technology greatly increases the costs and risks of aggression, making the trading option even more rational. The argument was first made popular in the 1850s by Richard Cobden, who asserted that free trade ââ¬Å"unitesâ⬠states, ââ¬Å"making each equally anxious for the prosperity and happiness of both. ââ¬Å"3 This view was restated in The GreatIllusion by Norman Angell just prior to World War I and again in 1933. Angell saw states having to choose between new ways of thinking, namely peaceful trade, and the ââ¬Å"old methodâ⬠of power politics. Even if war was once profitable, modernization now makes it impossible to ââ¬Å"enrichâ⬠oneself through force; indeed, by destroying trading bonds, war is ââ¬Å"commercially suicidal. 4 Why do wars nevertheless occur? While the start of World War I just after The GreatIllusionââ¬â¢s initial publication might seem to refute his thesis, Angell in 2. Four other subsidiary liberal arguments, employing intervening variables, are not sufficiently compelling to discuss here. The first suggests that high trade levels promote domest ic prosperity, thereby lessening the internal problems that push leaders into war. The second argues that interdependence helps to foster increased understanding between peoples, which reduces the misunderstandings that lead to war. The third asserts that trade alters the domestic structure of states, heightening the influence of groups with a vested interest in peaceful trade. The final argument contends that trade has the ââ¬Å"spill-overâ⬠effect of increasing political ties between trading partners, thus improving the prospects for long-term cooperation. For an critical analysis of these views, see Dale Copeland, ââ¬Å"Economic Interdependence and the Outbreak of War,â⬠paper presented to University of Virginia Department of Governmentââ¬â¢s faculty workshop, March 1995. 3. Richard Cobden, The Political Writings of Richard Cobden (London: T. Fischer Unwin, 1903), p. 225. 4. Norman Angell, The GreatIllusion, 2d ed. (New York: G. P Putnamââ¬â¢s Sons, 1933), pp. 33, 59-60, 87-89. Economicnterdependence WarI 9 I and the 1933 edition argued that the debacle simply confirmed the unprofitability of modern wars. He thus upheld the common liberal view that wars, especially major wars, result from the misperceptions of leaders caught up in the outmoded belief that war still pays. Accordingly, his is ââ¬Å"not a plea for the impossibility of war â⬠¦ but for its futility,â⬠since ââ¬Å"our ignorance on this matter makes war not only possible, but extremely likely. 5 In short, if leaders fail to see how unprofitable war is compared to the benefits of trade, they may still erroneously choose the former. Richard Rosecrance provides the most extensive update of the CobdenAngell thesis to the nuclear era. States must choose between being ââ¬Å"trading states,â⬠concerned with promoting wealth through commerce, and â⠬Å"territorial states,â⬠obsessed with military expansion. Modern conditions push states towards a predominantly trading mode: wars are not only too costly, but with the peaceful trading option, ââ¬Å"the benefits that one nation gains from trade can also be realized by others. When the system is highly interdependent, therefore, the ââ¬Å"incentive to wage war is absent,â⬠since ââ¬Å"trading states recognize that they can do better through internal economic development sustained by a worldwide market for their goods and services than by trying to conquer and assimilate large tracts of land. ââ¬Å"6 Rosecrance thus neatly summarizes the liberal view that high interdependence fosters peace by making trading more profitable than invading. 7 5. Ibid. , pp. 59-62, 256. i S a 6. RichardRosecrance,TheRise of the Trading tate:Commercend Conquestn the ModernWorld (New York: Basic Books, 1986), pp. 3-14; 24-25 (emphasis added); see also Rosecrance, ââ¬Å"War, a Trade and Int erdependence,â⬠in James N. Rosenau and Hylke Tromp, eds. , Interdependence nd Conflict in WorldPolitics (Aldershot, U. K. : Avebury, 1989), pp. 48-57; Rosecrance, ââ¬Å"A New Concert of Powers,â⬠Foreign Affairs, Vol. 71, No. 2 (Spring 1992), pp. 64-82. 7. A book often seen as a statement on the peace-inducing effects of interdependence-Robert 0. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Power and Interdependence(Boston: Little, Brown, 1977)-actually contains no such causal argument. For Keohane and Nye, ââ¬Å"complex interdependenceâ⬠is more peaceful by definition: it is a valuable concept for analyzing the political processâ⬠only when military force is ââ¬Å"unthinkableâ⬠(pp. 29, 24). In the second edition: ââ¬Å"since we define complex interdependence in terms of [policy] goals and instruments,â⬠arguments ââ¬Å"about how goals and instruments are affected by the degree to which a situation approximates complex interdependence or realism will be tautologic al. â⬠Thus, ââ¬Å"we are left essentially with two dependent variables: changes in agendas and changes in the roles of international organizations. â⬠Keohane and Nye, Power and Interdependence, d ed. (Glenview, Ill. Scott, Foresman, 1989), p. 255; emphasis in original. 2 The dependent variable of this article-the likelihood of war-is nowhere to be found, which is not surprising, since it is assumed away. Other works on interdependence from the 1970s, which largely examined dependent variables other than war, are discussed in Copeland, ââ¬Å"Economic Interdependence and the Outbreak of War. â⬠InternationalSecurity 20:4 | 10 Realists turn the liberal argument on its head, arguing that economic interdependence not only fails to promote peace, but in fact heightens the likelihood of war. States concerned about security will dislike dependence, since it means that crucial imported goods could be cut off during a crisis. This problem is particularly acute for imports l ike oil and raw materials; while they may be only a small percentage of the total import bill, without them most modern economies would collapse. Consequently, states dependent on others for vital goods have an increased incentive to go to war to assure themselves of continued access of supply. Neorealist Kenneth Waltz puts the argument as follows: actors within a domestic polity have little reason to fear the dependence that goes with specialization. The anarchic structure of international politics, however, makes states worry about their vulnerability, thus compelling them ââ¬Å"to control what they depend on or to lessen the extent of their dependency. â⬠For Waltz, it is this ââ¬Å"simple thoughtâ⬠that explains, among other things, ââ¬Å"their imperial thrusts to widen the scope of their control. ââ¬Å"9 For John Mearsheimer, nations that ââ¬Å"depend on others for critical economic supplies will fear cutoff or blackmail in time of crisis or war. â⬠Consequently, ââ¬Å"they may try to extend political control to the source of supply, giving rise to conflict with the source or with its other customers. Interdependence, therefore, ââ¬Å"will probably lead to greater security competition. ââ¬Å"10 8. One might contend that realists doubt the causal importance of economic interdependence, since relative gains concerns convince great powers to avoid becoming dependent in the first place. Aside from arguments showing why states may cooperate despite concerns for relative gains (see essays by Powell, Snidal, and Keohane in David A. Baldwin, ed. , Neorealismand Neoliberalism:The Contemporary ebate [New York: Columbia University Press, 1993]; Dale Copeland, ââ¬Å"Why Relative D Gains Concerns May Promote Economic Cooperation: A Realist Explanation for Great Power Interdependence,â⬠presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, San Diego, April 1996), the argument is empirically false. Periods of high interdependence have arisen even when the security competition between great powers was particularly intense, such as from 1880 to 1914, as Waltz acknowledges. Kenneth Waltz, ââ¬Å"The Myth of Interdependence,â⬠in Ray Maghoori and Bennett Ramberg, Globalism versus Realism (Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press, 1982), p. 83. Since the reality of high interdependence cannot be argued or assumed away, I focus here on the core realist claim that whenever high levels of interdependence are reached, for whatever reason, war is more likely. 9. Kenneth Waltz, Theory of InternationalPolitics (New York: Random House, 1979), p. 106. 10. John J. Mearsheimer, ââ¬Å"Disorder Restored,â⬠in Graham Allison and Gregory F Treverton, eds. , Rethinking Americaââ¬â¢s Security (New York: W. W. Norton, 1992), p. 223; Mearsheimer, ââ¬Å"Back to the Future,â⬠p. 45. See also Robert Gilpin, ââ¬Å"Economic Interdependence and National Security in Historical Perspective,â⬠in Klaus Knorr and Frank N. Trager, eds. , Economic Issues and National Security (Lawrence, Kan. : Allen, 1977), p. 29. Adopting the realist argument, but emphasizing how dependence leads states to adopt destabilizing offensive strategies, is Anne Uchitel, ââ¬Å"Interdepend- Economicnterdependence War| 11 and I This modern realist understanding of economic interdependence and war finds its roots in mercantilist writings dating from the seventeenth century Mercantilists saw states as locked in a competition for relative power and for the wealth that underpins that power. For mercantilists, imperial expansionthe acquisition of colonies-is driven by the stateââ¬â¢s need to secure greater control over sources of supply and markets for its goods, and to build relative power in the process. By allowing the metropole and the colonies to specialize in production and trade of complementary products (particularly manufactured goods for raw materials), while ensuring political control over the process, colonies ââ¬Å "opened up the possibility of providing a system of supply within a self-contained empire. ââ¬Å"ââ¬Ë2 In this, we see the underpinning for the neorealist view that interdependence leads to war. Mercantilist imperialism represents a reaction to a stateââ¬â¢s dependence; states reduce their fears of external specialization by increasing internal specialization within a now larger political realm. The imperial state as it expands thus acquires more and more of the characteristics of Waltzââ¬â¢s domestic polity, with its hierarchy of specialized functions secure from the unpredictable policies of others. In sum, realists seek to emphasize one main point: political concerns driven by anarchy must be injected into the liberal calculus. Since states must be primarily concerned with security and therefore with control over resources and markets, one must discount the liberal optimism that great trading partners will always continue to be great trading partners simply because both states benefit absolutely. Accordingly, a state vulnerable to anotherââ¬â¢s policies because of dependence will tend to use force to overcome that vulnerability. ence and Instability,â⬠in Jack Snyder and Robert Jervis, eds. , Coping with Complexityin the International System (Boulder, Colo. : Westview Press, 1993), pp. 43-264. For Barry Buzan, since liberal free-trading systems are dependent on a hegemon which invariably declines, such systems are destined to fall into ââ¬Å"malevolentâ⬠mercantilist practices, as states scramble to control access to goods formerly safeguarded by the hegemon. Avoiding the liberal system altogether, through a ââ¬Å"benignâ⬠mercantilist system of self-sufficient trading blocs, will be the refore preferred. Buzan, ââ¬Å"Economic Structure and International Security: The Limits of the Liberal Case,â⬠International Organization, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Autumn 1984), esp. pp. 597, 609-623. For a similar argument, see Robert Gilpin, U. S. Power and the Multinational Corporation(New York: Basic Books), 1975, p. 259. 11. See Eli F Heckscher, Mercantilism, vol. 2, trans. Mendel Shapiro (London: George Allen, 1931), p. 15; Jacob Viner, ââ¬Å"Power Versus Plenty as Objectives of Foreign Policy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries,â⬠World Politics, Vol. 1, No. 1 (October 1948), p. 10; David A. Baldwin, Economic Statecraft(Princeton, N. J. : Princeton University Press, 1985), chap. . 12. Heckscher, Mercantilism, vol. 2, p. 40. InternationalSecurity 20:4 | 12 A COMPARISON OF THE LIBERAL AND REALIST PERSPECTIVES While the liberal and the realist arguments display critical differences, they possess one important similarity: the causal logic of both perspectives is founde d on an individual stateââ¬â¢s decision-making process. That is, while the two camps freely use the term ââ¬Å"interdependence,â⬠both derive predictions from with their own specific how particular decision-making units-states-deal dependence. This allows both theories to handle situations of ââ¬Å"asymmetric interdependence,â⬠where one state in a dyad is more dependent than the other. Their predictions are internally consistent, but opposed: liberals argue that the more dependent state is less likely to initiate conflict, since it has more to lose from breaking economic ties;13 realists maintain that this state is more likely to initiate conflict, to escape its vulnerability. The main difference between liberals and realists has to do with their emphasis on the benefits versus the costs of interdependence. The realist argument highlights an aspect that is severely downplayed in the liberal argument, namely, consideration of the potential costs from the severing of a trading relationship. Most liberals, if pressed, would probably accept David Baldwinââ¬â¢s conceptualization of dependence as the opportunity costs a state would experience should trade end. Yet Baldwinââ¬â¢s opportunity costs are only the loss of the benefits from trade received after a state moves from autarchy. 14 It is this understanding of opportunity costs that is followed in the most comprehensive liberal argument for interdependence and peace, that of Rosecrance. There is little sense in Rosecranceââ¬â¢s work that a stateââ¬â¢s decision to specialize and thus to restructure its economy radically can entail huge ââ¬Å"costs of adjustmentâ⬠should trade be later severed, nor that such costs can actually put the state in a far worse position than if it had never moved from autarchy in the first place. 15 This is the concern of realists when they talk about dependence on 13. See Keohane and Nye, ââ¬Å"World Politics and the International Economic System,â⬠in C. Fred Bergsten, ed. , The Future of the InternationalEconomicOrder (Lexington: D. C. Heath, 1973), pp. 121122; Neil R. Richardson and Charles W. Kegley, ââ¬Å"Trade Dependence and Foreign Policy Compliance,â⬠International Studies Quarterly,Vol. 24, No. 2 (June 1980), pp. 191-222. 14. David A. Baldwin, ââ¬Å"Interdependence and Power: A Conceptual Analysis,â⬠International Organization, Vol. 34, No. 4 (Autumn 1980), pp. 478, 482-484, 489; Baldwin, ââ¬Å"The Power of Positive Sanctions,â⬠WorldPolitics, Vol. 24, No. 1 (October 1971), pp. 19-38; Albert 0. Hirschman, National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade,exp. ed. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980), chap. . 15. On the costs of adjustment, see Ruth Arad, Seev Hirsch, and Alfred Tovias, The Economicsof Peacemaking(New York: St. Martinââ¬â¢s Press, 1983), pp. 26-34. Keohane and Nye examine the ââ¬Å"costs of adjustingâ⬠as an integral part of ââ¬Å"vulnerabilityâ⬠interdependence (Power and Interdependence, p. 13). Yet they do not establish the original autarchic po sition as a baseline for examining these costs independently from the benefits of trade forgone; this baseline is incorporated later in EconomicInterdependence nd War | 13 a ââ¬Å"vital goodsâ⬠such as oil. A state that chooses not to buy oil from outsiders forgoes certain benefits of trade, but by operating on domestic energy sources, it avoids the heavy penalty experienced by a state that does base its industrial structure on imported oil, only to find itself cut off from supplies. That Rosecrance minimizes this realist concern is evident. In an explicit effort to refute Waltzââ¬â¢s definition of interdependence as ââ¬Å"a trading link which ââ¬Ëis costly to breakââ¬â¢,â⬠Rosecrance contends that ââ¬Å"to measure interdependence in this way misses the essence of the concept. His subsequent discussion emphasizes only the benefits that states give up if they choose not to trade (his ââ¬Å"opportunity costsâ⬠), and makes no mention of any potentially severe costs of adjustment. In fact, he argues that dependence on such things as foreign sources of energy is really no different than relying on outsiders for ââ¬Å"fashionsâ⬠or different makes of cars; if trade is cut off, a state loses only ââ¬Å"consumer choice. â⬠Recognition that the whole industrial structure of a state might be undermined or destroyed by an adversaryââ¬â¢s severing of vital trade is absent. 6 Rosecrance is reluctant to acknowledge realist concerns, perhaps because to do so would imply that dependent states might be more willing to go to war, as realists maintain, while Rosecrance is arguing that they are less willing to do so. 17 This points to a critical distinction between liberalism and realism that illuminates the liberal understanding of why wars ultimately occur. For liberals, interdependence does not have a downside that might push states into war, as realists contend. Rather, interdependence is seen to operate as a restraint on aggressive tendencies arising from the domestic or individual levels. If interdependence becomes low, this restraint is taken away, allowing the aggressive tendencies to dominate. To borrow a metaphor from Plato: for liberals, inter- building the new theory. Liberals also consider ââ¬Å"costsâ⬠in terms of losses in ââ¬Å"autonomyâ⬠due to trade ties; see Richard N. Cooper, The Economicsof Interdependence New York:McGraw Hill, 1968), ( pp. 4-12; Rosecrance, Rise of the TradingState, pp. 39-41, 235. Note, however, that these are costs that go hand in hand with high trade, not costs that are experienced if trade is cut off. Hence, these losses in autonomy are more accurately considered as a form of sensitivity interdependencecosts incurred when trade is ongoing-rather than as a form of ââ¬Å"vulnerabilityâ⬠interdependence so worrying to realists. On this, see Keohane and Nye, ââ¬Å"International Interdependence and Integration,â⬠in Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby, eds. , Handbook of Political Science, vol. 8 (Reading, Mass. : Addison-Wesley, 1975), pp. 368-370. 16. Rosecrance, Rise of the Trading State, pp. 144-145. In the appendix, an iterated prisonerââ¬â¢s dilemma is used to show the ââ¬Å"concrete benefitsâ⬠from trade cooperation. If states decide not to cooperate, they simply ââ¬Å"[do] not benefitâ⬠; pp. 233-236. 17. Rosecrance occasionally seems to accept that some goods are more vital than others, but even here he reiterates the liberal argument: ââ¬Å"Countries dependent on the world economy for markets, assistance, and critical raw materials are doubly hesitant to embark on military adventuresâ⬠; ibid. , p. 133, emphasis added. InternationalSecurity 20:4 | 14 dependence operates like the reins on the dark horse of inner passions; it provides a material incentive to stay at peace, even when there are internal predispositions towards aggression. Remove the reins, however, and these passions are free to roam as they will. 18 This point becomes clearer as one examines Rosecranceââ¬â¢s explanations for the two World Wars. World War II, for Rosecrance, was ultimately domestically driven. The main aggressors saw war as a means to cope with the upheavals flowing from ââ¬Å"social discontent and chaosâ⬠and the ââ¬Å"danger of left-wing revolutionsâ⬠; given these upheavals, it is ââ¬Å"not surprising that the territorial and military-political system [i. e. , war] emerged as an acceptable alternative to more than one state. Connecting the Second World War to causes arising from the unit level in the First World War,he continues: ââ¬Å"If Germany, Italy, and Japan did not fulfill their territorial ambitions at the end of World War I, they might develop even more nationalistic and solidaristic regimes and try again. ââ¬Å"19With trade and therefore interdependence at low levels in the 1930s, ââ¬Å"economics offered no alternative possibilityâ⬠; it failed to provide what he later refers to as a ââ¬Å"mitigat[ing]â⬠or ââ¬Å"restrainingâ⬠influence on unit-level motives for war. 0 World War I is a problematic case for Rosecrance, as it was for Angell, since the great powers went to war even though trade levels were still high. Like Angell, Rosecranceââ¬â¢s main defense of liberalism is that leaders simply did not see how beneficial interdependence was, and how costly war would be. Due to outmoded ideas and unit-level pathologies, they misperceived the situation; hence, interdependence could not operate as it should, as a restraint on aggression. He talks about leadersââ¬â¢ obsession with ââ¬Å"nationalist ambitionsâ⬠and ââ¬Å"balance of power politics. He suggests that ââ¬Å"no pre-1914 statesman or financier was fully aware of the damage that war would do to the European body economicâ⬠because of the irrational belief that ââ¬Å"[war] would be over very 1 8. See Platoââ¬â¢s Phaedrus in Phaedrus and Letters VII and VIII, trans. Walter Hamilton (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1973), sections 246-256. The historical roots of this view are explicated in f b i P Albert 0. Hirschman,The Passionsand the Interests: oliticalArgumentsor Capitalism efore ts Triumph(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977). He quotes Montesquieu (ibid. , p. 73): ââ¬Å"It is fortunate for men to be in a situation in which, though their passions may prompt them to be wicked, they have nevertheless an interest in not being so. â⬠19. Rosecrance, Rise of the TradingState, pp. 102-103 (see also p. 111). Rosecrance does point out that Germany and Japan apparently went to war also to gain raw materials (ibid. , p. 108). He does not argue, however, that these two states were more dependent than other states for such materials; to have done so would suggest the validity of the realist logic. 0. See ibid. , pp. 106, 123, 150, 162. EconomicInterdependence nd War | 15 a quickly. ââ¬Å"21At one point, he even seems to cast doubt on the efficacy of interdependence as a restraint on aggression: One should not place too much emphasis upon the existence of interdependence per se. European nations in 1913 relied upon the trade and investment that flowed between them; that did not prevent the political crisis which led to â⬠¦ World War I. Interdependence only constrains national policy if leaders accept and agree to work within its limits. 22 It thus appears that Rosecrance cannot really envision interdependence as being anything but a ââ¬Å"constraintâ⬠or ââ¬Å"restraintâ⬠on unit-level tendencies to aggress. This view is consistent with the general liberal perspective that all wars are ultimately driven by unit-level phenomena such as misperceptions, authoritarianism, ideology, and internal social conflict. Rosecranceââ¬â¢s historical understanding of the World War II, for example, would fit nicely with the ââ¬Å"democratic peaceâ⬠literature: had all the states in 1939 been democratic, war would probably ot have occurred despite the disrupted global economic situation, but since some states were not democratic, their aggressive domestic forces became unfettered once interdependence had declined. The idea that economic factors by themselves can push states to aggress-an argument consistent with neorealism and the alternative theory I will present below-is outside the realm of liberal thought, since it would imply that purely systemic forces can be responsible for war, largely regardless of unit-level phenomena. 3 While liberal theory certainly downplays the realist concern for the potential costs of severed trade, it is also clear that realists slight the positive role the benefits of trade can have on a stateââ¬â¢s choice between peace and war. In the next section, I bring together the liberal emphasis on benefits with the realist emphasis on costs to create a framework for understanding the true level of dependence a state faces. This section also seeks to correct the most significant 21. See ibid. , pp. 18-19, 88, 96-97, 99, 150. 22. Ibid. , p. 141 (see also p. 150). The argument here borders on being non-falsifiable: disconfirming cases where war occurs despite high interdependence can be sidestepped by saying simply that states did not ââ¬Å"acceptâ⬠being peaceful traders. Note as well that if states have already decided to be peaceful, then interdependence is not needed as a restraint. 23. On liberalismââ¬â¢s inherently unit-level orientation to conflict, see Andrew Moravcsik, ââ¬Å"Liberalism and International Relations Theory,â⬠Working Paper, Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, 1992; Michael Howard, War and the LiberalConscience (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1978). On the democratic peace argument, see Bruce Russett, Grasping the Democratic Peace (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993). InternationalSecurity 20:4 | 16 error in both liberal and realist theories, namely, their lack of theoretical attention to the dynamics of state expectations for the future. o Trade r Invade? A Theory f Trade xpectations E o This section introduces the theory of trade expectations. This theory extends liberal and realist views regarding interdependence and war, by synthesizing their strengths while formulating a dynamic perspective on state decision-making that is at best only implicit in current approaches. The strength of liberalism lies in its consideration of how the benefits or gains from trade give states a material incentive to avoid war, even when they have unit-level predispositions to favor it. The strength of realism is its recognition that states may be vulnerable to the potential costs of being cut off from trade on which they depend for wealth and ultimately security. Current theories, however, lack a way to fuse the benefits of trade and the costs of severed trade into one theoretical framework. More significantly, these theories lack an understanding of how rational decision-makers incorporate the future trading environment into their choice between peace and war. Both liberalism and realism often refer to the future trading environment, particularly in empirical analyses. But in constructing a theoretical logic, the two camps consider the future only within their own ideological presuppositions. Liberals, assuming that states seek to maximize absolute welfare, maintain that situations of high trade should continue into the foreseeable future as long as states are rational; such actors have no reason to forsake the benefits from trade, especially if defection from the trading arrangement will only lead to retaliation. 24 Given this presupposition, liberals can argue that interdependence-as reflected in high trade at any particular moment in time-will foster peace, given the benefits of trade over war. Realists, assuming states seek to maximize security, argue that concerns for relative power and autonomy will eventually push some states to sever trade ties (at least in the absence of a hegemon). Hence, realists can insist that interdependence, again manifest as high trade at any moment in time, drives dependent states to initiate war now to escape potential vulnerability later. For the purposes of forging strong theories, however, trading patterns cannot be simply assumed a priori to match the stipulations of either liberalism or of realism. Trade levels fluctuate significantly over time, both for the system as a 24. See Rosecrance, Rise of the TradingState, appendix. EconomicInterdependence nd War | 17 a whole and particularly between specific trading partners, as the last two centuries demonstrate. Accordingly, we need a theory that incorporates how a stateââ¬â¢s expectations of its trading environment-either optimistic or pessimistic-affect its decision-calculus for war or peace. This is where the new theory makes its most significant departure. Liberalism and realism are theories of ââ¬Å"comparative statics,â⬠drawing predictions from a snapshot of the level of interdependence at a single point in time. The new theory, on the other hand, is dynamic in its internal structure: it provides a new variable, the ââ¬Å"expectations of future trade,â⬠that incorporates in the theoretical logic an actorââ¬â¢s sense of the future trends and possibilities. 25 This variable is essential to any leaderââ¬â¢s determination not just of the immediate value of peace versus war at a particular moment in time, but of the overall expected value of peace and war over the foreseeable future. From consideration of the expectations-of-future-trade variable along with a stateââ¬â¢s level of dependence, one can derive a consistent deductive theory of state decision-making showing the conditions under which high interdependence will lead to peace or to war. High interdependence can be peace-inducing, as liberals maintain, as long as states expect future trade levels to be high in the future: positive expectations for future trade will lead dependent states to assign a high expected value to a continuation of peaceful trade, making war the less appealing option. If, however, a highly dependent state expects future trade to be low due to the policy decisions of the other side, then realists are likely to be correct: the state will attach a low or even negative expected value to continued peace without trade, making war an attractive alternative if its expected value is greater than peace. Moreover, since a negative expected value of trade implies a long-term decline in power, even if war is not profitable per se, it may be chosen as the lesser of two evils. 26 5. On the differences between comparative statics and dynamic analyses that incorporate the future, see Eugene Silberberg, The Structure of Economics, 2d ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1990), chaps. 1, 12, and 18. 26. That is, war is rational if it has either a higher net positive value or a lower net negative value. The theory thus works regardless of whether states are innately ââ¬Å"greedyâ⬠-seeking positive gains from war-or simply security-seekers desiring to minimize long-term threats. See Charles L. Glaser, ââ¬Å"Political Consequences of Military Strategy: Expanding and Refining the Spiral and Deterrence Models,â⬠WorldPolitics, Vol. 44, No. 4 (July 1992), pp. 497-538. By connecting the trading environment to fears about relative decline, I draw upon the notion that declining states launch preventive wars to uphold their waning security. Elsewhere, I build a solely power-driven theory showing why states faced with deep and inevitable decline initiate major wars. Dale Copeland, ââ¬Å"Neorealism and the Myth of Bipolar Stability: Toward a New Dynamic Realist Theory of Major War,â⬠Security Studies, Vol. , No. 3 (Spring 1996). S 2 International ecurity 0:4 | 18 The deductive logic of the alternative theory, as with liberalism and realism, centers on an individual stateââ¬â¢s efforts to manage its own situation of dependence. Consider a two-actor scenario, where one state ââ¬Å"Aâ⬠may trade with another state ââ¬Å"B. â⬠If state A moves away from the in itial position of autarchy to begin trading, and trade is free and open, it will expect to receive the benefits of trade stressed by liberals, namely, the incremental increase in Aââ¬â¢s total welfare due to trade. 7 Note that a state can still be aware of the ââ¬Å"benefits of tradeâ⬠even if present trade is non-existent, since they represent the potential gains from trade that would accrue to the state should trade levels become high in the future. 28It is a stateââ¬â¢s ability to foresee future potential benefits that allows it to attach a high expected value to the peaceful trading option even when current trade levels are low (as long as it expects current restrictions to be relaxed). When a state trades, it specializes in and exports goods in which it enjoys a comparative advantage, while forgoing the production of other goods, which it then imports. This process of specialization, however, entails potentially large costs of adjustment if trade is subsequently cut off. This is especially so in the modern world if the state becomes dependent on foreign oil and certain raw materials. With the economyââ¬â¢s capital infrastructure (machines, factories, transportation systems, etc. ) geared to function only with such vital goods, a severing of trade would impose huge costs as the economy struggles to cope with the new no-trade situation. 29 In short, the severing of trade, as realists would argue, would put the state in a situation far worse than if it had never specialized in the first place. This analysis leads to a clearer understanding of any particular stateââ¬â¢s total level of ââ¬Å"dependence. â⬠On a bilateral basis, that level is represented by the sum of the benefits that the state would receive from free and open trade with another state (versus autarchy), and the costs to the state of being cut off from that trade after having specialized (versus autarchy). If state A started with an economy of 100 units of GNP before any trade with B (the autarchic position), and open trade with B would mean economic expansion to a level of 110 units of GNP on an ongoing basis, then the ââ¬Å"benefits of tradeâ⬠could be considered as 10 units. If the specialization that trade entails, however, would mean the 27. This is consistent with standard trade theory. See Richard E. Caves and Ronald W. Jones, World Tradeand Payments, 4th ed. (Boston: Little Brown, 1985), chaps. 3-4. 28. I thank Andrew Moravcsik for discussions on the potential benefits of trade. 29. The capital investments represent ââ¬Å"sunk costsâ⬠not easily recouped. See Arad, Hirsch, and Tovias, The Economicsof Peacemaking,pp. 26-28. EconomicInterdependence nd War I 19 a conomy would fall to 85 units should B sever trade ties, then the ââ¬Å"costs of severed tradeâ⬠would be 15 units versus autarchy. State Aââ¬â¢s total dependence level would thus be the benefits of trade plus the costs of severed trade after specialization, or 25 units. The dependence level will itself be a function of such parameters as the overall compatibilities of the two economies for trade, the degree of Aââ¬â¢s need for vital goods such as oil and raw materials, and t he availability of alternative suppliers and markets. Thus if Aââ¬â¢s need for trade with B is great because the economies are highly compatible (say, in terms of mutual comparative advantages), B has valuable natural resources that A lacks, and A has few other countries to turn to, then Aââ¬â¢s dependence can be considered high. 30 In deciding between peace and war, however, a state can not refer simply to its dependence level. Rather, it must determine the overall expected value of trade and therefore the value of continued peace into the foreseeable future. The benefits of trade and the costs of severed trade on their own say nothing about this expected value. Dynamic expectations of future trade must be brought in. If the state has positive expectations that the other will maintain free and open trade over the long term, then the expected value of trade will be close to the value of the benefits of trade. On the other hand, if the state, after having specialized, comes to expect that trade will be severed by the trading partner, then the expected value of trade may be highly negative, that is, close to the value of the costs of severed trade. In essence, the expected value of trade may be anywhere between the two extremes, depending on a stateââ¬â¢s estimate of the expected probability of securing open trade, or of being cut off. 31 This leads to a crucial hypothesis. For any given expected value of war, we can predict that the lower the expectations of future trade, the lower the 30. On the importance of altematives, see Baldwin, ââ¬Å"Interdependence and Power,â⬠p. 482; Keohane and Nye, Power and Interdependence, . 13. It is worth remembering that alternative suppliers p nd markets are only valuable in reducing Aââ¬â¢s dependence if A can get access to them. If B is able not only to sever bilateral trade, but also to blockade A to prevent third-party trading, then A effectively has no alternatives and is therefore dependent. This was the situation for Japan vis-a-vis the United States before 1941 regarding oil imports. 31. This line of reasoning is developed formally in Dale Copeland, ââ¬Å"Modelling Econo mic Interdependence and War: A Theory of Trade Expectations,â⬠paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago, September 1995. It is consistent with consideration of the ââ¬Å"probability of transactionâ⬠as a determinant of expected national income in Arad, Hirsch, and Tovias, The Economicof Peacemaking,pp. 37-43, although they do not employ expectations of future trade as a theoretical variable affecting the likelihood of war. InternationalSecurity 20:4 | 20 expected value of trade, and therefore the more likely it is that war will be chosen. It is important to note that the expected value of trade will not be based on the level of trade at a particular moment in time, but upon the stream of expected trade levels into the future. It really does not matter that trade is high today: if state A knows that B will cut all trade tomorrow and shows no signs of being willing to restore it later, the expected value of trade would be negative. Similarly, it does not matter if there is little or no trade at present: if state A is confident that B is committed to freer trade in the future, the expected value of trade would be positive. The fact that the expected value of trade can be negative even if present trade is high, due to low expectations for future trade, goes a long way towards resolving such manifest anomalies for liberal theory as German aggression in World War I. Despite high levels of trade up to 1914, German leaders had good reason to believe that the other great powers would undermine this trade into the future; hence, a war to secure control over raw materials and markets was required for the long-term security of the German nation. Since the expected value of trade can be positive even though present trade is low, due to high expectations for future trade, we can also understand such phenomena as the periods of detente in U. S. -Soviet relations during the Cold War (1971-73 and after 1985). While East-West trade was still relatively low during these times, the Soviet need for Western technology, combined with a growing belief that large increases in trade with the West would be forthcoming, gave the Soviets a high enough expected value of trade to convince them to be more accommodating in superpower relations. 32 In making the final decision between peace and war, however, a rational state will have to compare the expected value of trade to the expected value of going to war with the other state. The expected value of war, as a realist would emphasize, cannot be ascertained without considering the relative power balance. As one state moves from a position of relative inferiority in economic and military power to relative superiority, the expected value of war will move from negative to positive or even highly positive. This proposition follows directly from the insights of deterrence theory: the larger the state in relative size, the higher the probability of winning a victory, while the lower the costs of fighting the war. 33 32. The U. S. -Soviet Cold War case is covered in Copeland, ââ¬Å"Modelling Economic Interdependence and War. â⬠33. See Alexander L. George and Richard Smoke, Deterrencein AmericanForeign Policy: Theoryand Practice (New York: Columbia University Press, 1974), chaps. 2-3. a EconomicInterdependence nd War | 21 Hence, if victory entails occupying the other state and absorbing its economy, war can take on a very positive expected value when a large power attacks a small state. 34 For example, if Iraq had been allowed to hold on to Kuwait after its August 1990 invasion, war for Iraq would certainly have ââ¬Å"paid. â⬠Similarly, Czechoslovakia was an easy and attractive target for Germany by 1938-39, as were the other smaller states of Europe, nd evidence suggests that war against these nations was indeed profitable for the Nazis. 35 On the other hand, war between more equal great powers is likely to have a much lower or even negative expected value. The Spartan leadership took Sparta into war against Athens in 431 BC, for example, under no illusions that war would be a profitable venture. 36 While the Athenian e conomy presented a large prize should victory be attained, war with a near-equal adversary could be expected to be very costly, with a low likelihood of victory. Where we would anticipate a low or negative expected value to the option of war, the expectations-of-future-trade variable should have a determinant effect on the likelihood of war. If state A has positive expectations for future trade with B, and A and B are roughly equal in relative power, then state A will assign a high expected value to continued peaceful trade, will compare this to the low or negative expected value for invasion, and will choose peace as the rational strategy. The higher Aââ¬â¢s dependence and the higher the expectations for future trade, the higher the expected value for peaceful trade, and therefore the more likely A is to avoid war. But if state A is dependent and has negative expectations for future trade with B, then the expected value of trade will be very low or negative. If the expected value for trade is lower than the expected value for invasion, war becomes the rational choice, and this is so even when the expected value of invasion is itself negative: war becomes the lesser of two evils. 7 34. This is developed formally in Copeland, ââ¬Å"Modelling Economic Interdependence and War. â⬠35. See Peter Liberman, ââ¬Å"Does Conquest Pay? The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Economiesâ⬠(Ph. D. diss. , Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991). 36. Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War,trans. Rex Warner (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1954), Book 1, lines 80-88. 37. When one state is very large and the other very small, it is harder to sort out the effects of interdependence from the effects of relative power, at least in actual cases of war. The expected value of war for the superior state is likely to be quite positive anyway, and thus will tend to overshadow the expected value of trade even when the state has positive expectations of future trade. Here, the superior state simply chooses war as the ââ¬Å"greater of two goods. â⬠This choice would not be altered by any diminution of trade expectations; indeed, war would simply be even more rational as the expected value of trade (and therefore peace) falls. War in such a situation of marked power imbalance and low expectations of future trade is thus overdetermined; it would be difficult to tell whether war occurred because of the positive expected value of war, the negative expected value of trade, or both. Thus, in my empirical analysis, I examine cases where great powers InternationalSecurity 20:4 | 22 Until now, I have talked about state Aââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"expectations of future tradeâ⬠as though they were an essentially exogenous, that is, as though state B, in its willingness to trade with A, were not affected by Aââ¬â¢s behavior. If, however, state A, by making political, military, or economic concessions, can induce B to relax trading restrictions, then Aââ¬â¢s low expectations for future trade may be raised. This suggests that the effects of diplomacy and bargaining need to be integrated into any extended historical analysis. 38 The probability of B trading with A is never completely independent of Aââ¬â¢s actions, since there is always some concession that A could make to get B to commit to higher trade levels over the long term. But the problem for A is that Bââ¬â¢s price for high trade may be unacceptable in that it undermines Aââ¬â¢s internal stability or its external power position. To take an extreme example, if B were to demand, as the price for higher trade, that A unilaterally disarm and allow B to occupy A with its army, it is hard to imagine A accepting such a deal. If B remains unwilling to budge from such an exorbitant demand, then it is fair to say that Aââ¬â¢s pessimistic expectation for future trade is exogenous; there is little A can do, short of national suicide, to improve the likelihood of trade. Thus state A, in estimating Bââ¬â¢s probability of trading with A, will refer to many indicators suggesting how ââ¬Å"reasonableâ⬠B will be into the future, that is, how willing B will be to trade, and at what price. One may think of these indicators simply as causal factors affecting the variable ââ¬Å"expectations of future trade. â⬠Such systemic factors as Bââ¬â¢s economic competitiveness, Bââ¬â¢s rate of depletion of raw materials and energy reserves (affecting its future export ability), and military pressures constraining Bââ¬â¢s trade with A will be important. German leaders before World War I, for example, had good reason to believe that Britain would be forced to move to imperial preference to protect its empire from the German economic challenge and to lend support to its entente partners. Japanese leaders in the late 1930s recognized that the United States would have to cut back on oil and iron exports to Japan as U. S. reserves were attacked great powers in long and costly total wars. While these cases do not cover the universe of wars, they do isolate the role of economic interdependence and changing expectations of future trade in the outbreak of war. 8. Given space constraints, my case studies in this article do not provide a full analysis of the bargaining dynamic. For an analysis of interstate economic bargaining, see Baldwin, Economic Statecraft,chap. 6; R. Harrison Wagner, ââ¬Å"Economic Interdependence, Bargaining Power, and Political Influence,â⬠InternationalOrganization,Vol. 42, No. 3 (Summer 1988), pp. 461-483. Note also that there may be a causal feedback loop, whereby increasing fears of war lead others to reduce trade, which in turn heightens the incentive of dependent states to initiate war. These and other issues involving the endogeneity of trade expectations are addressed more fully in my book manuscript, ââ¬Å"Economic Interdependence and War. â⬠EconomicInterdependence nd War | 23 a depleted or needed to supply a military buildup (even one directed only at Germany). Such systemic pressures on B to reduce trade with A will foster negative expectations of future trade among Aââ¬â¢s leaders. But domestic and personal factors can also play a significant role in the exogenous rise or decline in Bââ¬â¢s likelihood of trading with A, indicating hat the assumption that B is a ââ¬Å"unitary actorâ⬠must be relaxed to some degree when examining history. 39 In 1972, for example, the Soviets saw Nixon and Kissinger as firmly in control of American policy, and therefore able to carry through on commitments to increase East-West trade. Two years later, however, such a positive expectation for future trade could not be sustained in the wake of Watergate and the r eassertion of Congressional power, at least at a price which was reasonable to the Soviets. This had much to do with the failure of detente, as I argue elsewhere. 40 A comparison of the arguments of trade expectations theory with those of liberal and realist theory is presented in Table 1. To summarize: liberals contend that high economic dependence, as manifest in high trade levels, reduces a stateââ¬â¢s likelihood of initiating war by providing a material ââ¬Å"constraintâ⬠on unit-level forces for aggression. Low dependence will increase this likelihood, since this constraint on unit-level motives for war is removed. Realists argue that high dependence heightens the probability of war as dependent states struggle to reduce their vulnerability. In the realist world, however, low dependence should have no impact on the likelihood of war or peace; that is, other factors should become causally determinant of war. Still, since economic interdependence is at least eliminated as a possible source of conflict, realists 39. Note that state A, the decision-making unit in the theory, can still be treated as a rational unitary actor respondingto the observed domestic forces on the other side. 0. See Copeland, ââ¬Å"Modeling Economic Interdependence and War,â⬠pp. 62-66. International trade institutions such as the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), by lowering transaction costs and facilitating the punishment of cheaters, may be an additional means to build positive expectations for future trade. Indeed, for some liberals, peace may only be likely when both interdependence and effective glob al institutions co-exist and reinforce one another; Keohane, ââ¬Å"International Liberalism Reconsidered,â⬠p. 183. While such institutions may indeed affect trade expectations, they are unlikely to be as significant in history as the systemic and domestic factors just discussed, for the simple reason that these institutions are a creation of the post-World War II era. Moreover, since concerns for war and peace revolve mostly around the great powers, and powers like Soviet Union and China have been historically excluded from trade institutions like GATT, such institutions cannot account for fluctuations in the levels of tension between the United States and these powers since 1945. Finally, the institutional approach overlooks bilateraldiplomacy as the principal mechanism through which expectations of trade change; consider the United States and Japan up to December 1941, or the United States and Japan today. Accordingly, while my argument recognizes the contribution institutions can make to the improvement of future trade expectations, the focus both theoretically and empirically remains fundamentally non-institutional. 2 S International ecurity 0:4 | 24 4ââ¬â C/) CO D C o C CD co -0 Co 0 0 0 C CO N E cn C 0 0 -;ââ¬â a) co C 0 +-, w CM C0 w n E C CD+M â⬠1 CD CD :3 C CO C CD 0 :3 +, -0 0 m W W cn CD4- ââ¬Ëa cn 0 c: c CD 0 D- 0 m N C C: W CD CD cn E +, an c 0 +. ,cn Cn CO CD 0 u ââ¬â :3 0 -0 CC CD a CD 0 Co 0 0 0 +, cn co co o co co CL 0 C CD :3 - C-D C W 0 co E cD w C co C Ew CD C C CD E E0 CD C 0) Cn CD - 77 cn 0 CD 0 CD E C -C W CD -0 +, C cn 0 CD CD Cn a ââ¬Ë. CD CD co C co co 0 -i cn 0 0 co CD CD a rCO CD CD Co w 0 W W C: CD co CL W cn :3 -0 CD E 00 -0 cn ââ¬Ëa C C LrCD 0 = cn +, C ââ¬â C CD CD C -0 CD CO CD la Co C: CD -0 cn +, C: CD CD CD 0 co CDcn 0 CD +â⬠, cn -C n :3 0 0 w 40 . 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All the girls thought that skinny girls had the good, perfect life. They could get anything they wanted. They also said that the perfect girl has long blonde hair, nice teeth and nice skin. These are also characteristics that are portrayed to society. We also have seen part of a film, Dying to be Thin, which talked about body image as well. It showed girls who had eating disorders because they wanted to be very skinny like the girls they have seen on television or in magazines. I find it strange that there are not many self destructing magazines geared toward minority teenagers. I dont think they would sell as well as the magazines for white girls do. This is probably because minorities are taught to love themselves no matter what they look like. They are told that they are all beautiful. There is much higher self esteem within these groups. I have had a few friends (white girls) who actually had parents who told them that they were fat and they needed to lose some weight so they should back off of the junk food and eat more salad! These women know what it is like growing up so I dont understand why they would bring their daughters down like this. Parents are supposed to help their children during rough times such as adolescence. In the reading Self and Identity Development, by Susan Harter, feelings that young women tend to have regarding themselves during adolescence include obnoxious, tolerant, introverted, popular, cheerful and depressed. This magazine did not talk about any of these feelings. Instead it said that girls should always feel happy and cheerful. It would probably be nice for young women to read that they are not alone in their feelings and that it is completely normal for quick mood changes. I remember feeling confused like there was something wrong with me because I acted so differently in different situations. These magazines could possibly have an advice column about personality changes. I found two advertisements that I believe to be completely unsuitable for this magazine. The first is for tubes of lip gloss. However, nowhere in the ad does it show anybody actually wearing the lip gloss. It shows a bunch of girls going thru a food take out window and grabbing the employee. The employee is a young boy who is going to get taken advantage of. The worst part about this ad is the caption. It reads: Girls Night Out: 11:03 p. m. picking up some munchies. In other words, the boy is the girls munchies. They do not mean munchies as in food because the food is still in the bag and thrown out the window of the car. The girls look extremely starved for the boy. I do no think this ad is appropriate for young girls. It is telling them to jump all over a guy. The second ad I chose to talk about is one for a fragrance called juice. It has a picture of a girl and a guy who both look naked. They are lying on top of each other and she is licking him. Now, I do not understand how this picture has ANYTHING to do with a fragrance. Does she like to lick it off of him and try it? I do not think so. The couple is lying on a beach and has mysterious looking grins on their faces. I did not know that a fragrance could make a person so happy. Another thing that does not fit is the fact that they are on a beach and are all wet. .ub40a57b593f3d928cd5b62b1839dae73 , .ub40a57b593f3d928cd5b62b1839dae73 .postImageUrl , .ub40a57b593f3d928cd5b62b1839dae73 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub40a57b593f3d928cd5b62b1839dae73 , .ub40a57b593f3d928cd5b62b1839dae73:hover , .ub40a57b593f3d928cd5b62b1839dae73:visited , .ub40a57b593f3d928cd5b62b1839dae73:active { border:0!important; } .ub40a57b593f3d928cd5b62b1839dae73 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub40a57b593f3d928cd5b62b1839dae73 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub40a57b593f3d928cd5b62b1839dae73:active , .ub40a57b593f3d928cd5b62b1839dae73:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub40a57b593f3d928cd5b62b1839dae73 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub40a57b593f3d928cd5b62b1839dae73 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub40a57b593f3d928cd5b62b1839dae73 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub40a57b593f3d928cd5b62b1839dae73 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub40a57b593f3d928cd5b62b1839dae73:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub40a57b593f3d928cd5b62b1839dae73 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub40a57b593f3d928cd5b62b1839dae73 .ub40a57b593f3d928cd5b62b1839dae73-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub40a57b593f3d928cd5b62b1839dae73:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: -The Lotos-Eaters By Tennyson EssayThe fragrance would not still be on them if they were swimming in an ocean. There is also a small caption on this ad which reads GET IT ON. Telling 13, 14, 15 year old girls to roll around on a beach almost naked and to get it on is quite disturbing in my eyes. After analyzing this issue of Seventeen I found only two surprises. I did not realize how stereotypical the models were in these magazines. There was only one, ONE, black model. All the rest looked exactly alike with the exception of either blonde or light brown hair. Young girls are not getting the right picture of the world. They are getting the beautified picture. They are getting a mold pushed onto them that they should not hold themselves up to. The second surprise I found was that the magazine never mentioned anything about sexuality. It just assumes that all of its readers are heterosexual. This has to make adolescents who believe they may be into people of their same sex feel even more excluded than they already feel. Teen magazines may be fun to read but I do not believe they are very beneficial to young girls. Adolescent girls are too naive to read and see the things in these magazines. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-30816565201589155152019-12-01T02:10:00.001-08:002019-12-01T02:10:04.910-08:00Winslow Homers Breezing Up Essay Example For Students Winslow Homers Breezing Up Essay Winslow Homers Breezing Up The1873 masterpiece Breezing Up, by Winslow Homer located in theNational Gallery of Art in Washington DC is an oil on canvas painting thatmeasures 23 3/13 X 38 1/6 in.. The primary subject of this painting is a manwith three boys in a small wooden sail boat that is moving along with whatappears to be a fairly choppy sea. At the center of this painting is the sternof the sail boat. The oldest of the boys is sitting on the high end of the sternwith his knees up and his bare feet planted flat on the deck in order to keephim from slipping down into the water. This image forms a powerful triangle inthe center of the painting. The boy?s use of only one hand on the tiller linecombined with his relaxed posture suggest that he is very much at ease with hisresponsibility of steering the boat. His face is only visible in a semi-profileview which exposes his chin, left cheek, and eye socket. These features are welldefined against thick layers of puffy clouds which are lingering over the water. We will write a custom essay on Winslow Homers Breezing Up specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Like the others in the boat he is facing away from the setting sun which causesthe light to reflect off the back of his long sleeved shirt and hat. Just to theboy?s right is the man in the boat who is presumably the father of the boys. His seated position below the deck allows the viewer only to see his faceshoulders, arms, and hands. His red long sleeved shirt is the brightest color inthe painting, and his calloused hands show strength as he holds the halyard firmin the cleat with a fully extended arm. Of the four people in the boat he is theonly one with a troubled look on his face. According to David Prown this is avery common characteristic in Homer?s work. He says: Although the adults ofHomer?s world seem isolated, his children frolic together in a cheerful worldof laughter and mutuality. For Homer, growing up seems to imply a loss, a fallfrom paradise, removal from happy, carefree innocence and high spirits to aserious, lonely existence in which each man is an island unto himself. (Prown86) This is the perfect description of the expressions of the people in thispainting. The children are clearly relaxed and content, but the father has anexpression that suggests that he has something weighing heavy on his mind , andthat he is receiving only temporary relief as he relaxes on the water with hissons. The other two boys are relaxing up towards the bow of the boat. The olderof the two is stretched out across the deck covering the width of the bow withhis leather shoes hovering inches over the water. The youngest of the boys issitting up right on the deck with his feet resting inside the boat and he has apleasant look of deep thought on his face. Clearly all of these boys are relaxedand content with their surroundings. Numerous fish inside of the boat suggestthat this group has had an afternoon of fishing and recreation. They are notdressed for serious fishing, so there is a good chance they are out therestrictly for leisure. A building off the bow on the distant shore is barelyvisible, and combined with the long shadows of the setting sun, it seems thatthey are heading home. Homers soft blue sky and puffy white clouds take up 2/3of the canvas, leaving only the bottom third for the water and th e horizon. Thesky is completely empty except for a lone gull who?s wings are lit up by thesun as is hovers directly in line with what appears to be a tiny illuminatedsail of another boat on the very distant horizon. Homer also has an uncommonability to recreate curves just as they would appear in nature. He uses thisability to capture the shape and form of the rolling waves in the sea, by evenmore than that he uses it to capture the human experience. The use of thesunlight as it reflects off the cloths of the people in the boat adds to therealistic nature of this painting. The wrinkles of white cotton shirts of theboy?s are accented brilliantly as the sun illuminates and caused shadows ondifferent parts of their arms. The four people in this painting express morewith their body language that they do with their facial expressions. .uc79458362c5d413dbf7f756d54b7b211 , .uc79458362c5d413dbf7f756d54b7b211 .postImageUrl , .uc79458362c5d413dbf7f756d54b7b211 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uc79458362c5d413dbf7f756d54b7b211 , .uc79458362c5d413dbf7f756d54b7b211:hover , .uc79458362c5d413dbf7f756d54b7b211:visited , .uc79458362c5d413dbf7f756d54b7b211:active { border:0!important; } .uc79458362c5d413dbf7f756d54b7b211 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uc79458362c5d413dbf7f756d54b7b211 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uc79458362c5d413dbf7f756d54b7b211:active , .uc79458362c5d413dbf7f756d54b7b211:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uc79458362c5d413dbf7f756d54b7b211 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uc79458362c5d413dbf7f756d54b7b211 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uc79458362c5d413dbf7f756d54b7b211 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uc79458362c5d413dbf7f756d54b7b211 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uc79458362c5d413dbf7f756d54b7b211:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uc79458362c5d413dbf7f756d54b7b211 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uc79458362c5d413dbf7f756d54b7b211 .uc79458362c5d413dbf7f756d54b7b211-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uc79458362c5d413dbf7f756d54b7b211:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Homeless biography EssayParticularly the curve of their backs is evidence of their state of relaxation. In the children there is no evidence of tension in their bodies. This is incontrast with the fathers posture where tension is quite evident. The viewersposition directly off the stern of the sailboat is a privileged one. It allowsHomers style of American realism to be truly revealed. The exact details of thesmall wooden boat are astonishing. He captures everything from the stitches inthe sail to the twist of the lines. Even the grain of the wood in the hull andthe mast are perfectly visible. The attention to detail is magnificent. The useof light and shadows across the sail form a drastic contrast. This contrastgives the viewer a real feel for the way the sun is shinning across the water. The spray of water that washes over the bow as the boat bounces through thechoppy water is another example of Homer?s close attention to detail. There isalso a merchant ship on the horizon on the right side of the canvas that thoughdistant still retains a great deal of detail. The sense of comfort and serenityon the boy?s faces is an interesting contrast to the expression of worry ontheir fathers face, but this worry clearly is not related to their situation onthe water. This work was completed towards the early part of Homers paintingcareer, and this is apparent by the look and shape of the water. As his lifeprogressed, Homer began to focus on the power of the water in the sea, and heearned a reputation for being one of the best painters of his time in regards tohis ability to capture the motion and and power of waves. In this painting thereis less attention given to the water causing it to have very general andundefined characteristic. This neutral aspect of the water gives the pai nting anover all feel of relaxation and comfort. Prown gives an interesting descriptionto this painting in in his book American Painting From its Beginnings to theArmory Show. In this book he states: Breezing Up is a seagoing version of Snapthe Whip. The boys exert a mutual effort for their common delight. One adult ispresent, briefly privileged to share their pleasure. The day is sunny; the airand water are alive. Wind fills the sails, and the boat fairly shudders as itdrives through the choppy sea. The thrust of air against the canvas pulls everyline taut, and hands work to hold this living machine, quick with the breath ofnature under control. (Prown 87). This is a nice description of the work. Itseems that one of this paintings main focuses is the pleasure and beauty ofchildren in nature. BibliographyPrown, Jules. American Painting From its Beginnings to the Armory Show. World Publishing. Cleveland, Ohio. 1969. Winslow Homers Breezing Up Essay Example For Students Winslow Homers Breezing Up Essay The 1873 masterpiece Breezing Up, by Winslow Homer located in the National Gallery of Art in Washington DC is an oil on canvas painting that measures 23 3/13 X 38 1/6 in.. The primary subject of this painting is a man with three boys in a small wooden sail boat that is moving along with what appears to be a fairly choppy sea. At the center of this painting is the stern of the sail boat. The oldest of the boys is sitting on the high end of the stern with his knees up and his bare feet planted flat on the deck in order to keep him from slipping down into the water. This image forms a powerful triangle in the center of the painting. We will write a custom essay on Winslow Homers Breezing Up specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The boyÃÆ'â⬠¢s use of only one hand on the tiller line combined with his relaxed posture suggest that he is very much at ease with his responsibility of steering the boat. His face is only visible in a semi-profile view which exposes his chin, left cheek, and eye socket. These features are well defined against thick layers of puffy clouds which are lingering over the water. Like the others in the boat he is facing away from the setting sun which causes the light to reflect off the back of his long sleeved shirt and hat. Just to the boyÃÆ'â⬠¢s right is the man in the boat who is presumably the father of the boys. His seated position below the deck allows the viewer only to see his face shoulders, arms, and hands. His red long sleeved shirt is the brightest color in the painting, and his calloused hands show strength as he holds the halyard firm in the cleat with a fully extended arm. Of the four people in the boat he is the only one with a troubled look on his face. According to David Prown this is a very common characteristic in HomerÃÆ'â⬠¢s work. He says: Although the adults of HomerÃÆ'â⬠¢s world seem isolated, his children frolic together in a cheerful world of laughter and mutuality. For Homer, growing up seems to imply a loss, a fall from paradise, removal from happy, carefree innocence and high spirits to a serious, lonely existence in which each man is an island unto himself. Prown 86 This is the perfect description of the expressions of the people in this painting. The children are clearly relaxed and content, but the father has an expression that suggests that he has something weighing heavy on his mind, and that he is receiving only temporary relief as he relaxes on the water with his sons. The other two boys are relaxing up towards the bow of the boat. The older of the two is stretched out across the deck covering the width of the bow with his leather shoes hovering inches over the water. The youngest of the boys is sitting up right on the deck with his feet resting inside the boat and he has a pleasant look of deep thought on his face. Clearly all of these boys are relaxed and content with their surroundings. Numerous fish inside of the boat suggest that this group has had an afternoon of fishing and recreation. They are not dressed for serious fishing, so there is a good chance they are out there strictly for leisure. A building off the bow on the distant shore is barely visible, and combined with the long shadows of the setting sun, it seems that they are heading home. Homers soft blue sky and puffy white clouds take up 2/3 of the canvas, leaving only the bottom third for the water and the horizon. The sky is completely empty except for a lone gull whoÃÆ'â⬠¢s wings are lit up by the sun as is hovers directly in line with what appears to be a tiny illuminated sail of another boat on the very distant horizon. Homer also has an uncommon ability to recreate curves just as they would appear in nature. .ufa2cad14558ebf8f341f0a59bbd9f401 , .ufa2cad14558ebf8f341f0a59bbd9f401 .postImageUrl , .ufa2cad14558ebf8f341f0a59bbd9f401 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufa2cad14558ebf8f341f0a59bbd9f401 , .ufa2cad14558ebf8f341f0a59bbd9f401:hover , .ufa2cad14558ebf8f341f0a59bbd9f401:visited , .ufa2cad14558ebf8f341f0a59bbd9f401:active { border:0!important; } .ufa2cad14558ebf8f341f0a59bbd9f401 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufa2cad14558ebf8f341f0a59bbd9f401 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufa2cad14558ebf8f341f0a59bbd9f401:active , .ufa2cad14558ebf8f341f0a59bbd9f401:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufa2cad14558ebf8f341f0a59bbd9f401 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufa2cad14558ebf8f341f0a59bbd9f401 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufa2cad14558ebf8f341f0a59bbd9f401 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufa2cad14558ebf8f341f0a59bbd9f401 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufa2cad14558ebf8f341f0a59bbd9f401:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufa2cad14558ebf8f341f0a59bbd9f401 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufa2cad14558ebf8f341f0a59bbd9f401 .ufa2cad14558ebf8f341f0a59bbd9f401-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufa2cad14558ebf8f341f0a59bbd9f401:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Gustav Klimt - "The Kiss" painting EssayHe uses this ability to capture the shape and form of the rolling waves in the sea, by even more than that he uses it to capture the human experience. The use of the sunlight as it reflects off the cloths of the people in the boat adds to the realistic nature of this painting. The wrinkles of white cotton shirts of the boyÃÆ'â⬠¢s are accented brilliantly as the sun illuminates and caused shadows on different parts of their arms. The four people in this painting express more with their body language that they do with their facial expressions. Particularly the curve of their backs is evidence of their state of relaxation. In the children there is no evidence of tension in their bodies. This is in contrast with the fathers posture where tension is quite evident. The viewers position directly off the stern of the sailboat is a privileged one. It allows Homers style of American realism to be truly revealed. The exact details of the small wooden boat are astonishing. He captures everything from the stitches in the sail to the twist of the lines. Even the grain of the wood in the hull and the mast are perfectly visible. The attention to detail is magnificent. The use of light and shadows across the sail form a drastic contrast. This contrast gives the viewer a real feel for the way the sun is shinning across the water. The spray of water that washes over the bow as the boat bounces through the choppy water is another example of HomerÃÆ'â⬠¢s close attention to detail. There is also a merchant ship on the horizon on the right side of the canvas that though distant still retains a great deal of detail. The sense of comfort and serenity on the boyÃÆ'â⬠¢s faces is an interesting contrast to the expression of worry on their fathers face, but this worry clearly is not related to their situation on the water. This work was completed towards the early part of Homers painting career, and this is apparent by the look and shape of the water. As his life progressed, Homer began to focus on the power of the water in the sea, and he earned a reputation for being one of the best painters of his time in regards to his ability to capture the motion and and power of waves. In this painting there is less attention given to the water causing it to have very general and undefined characteristic. This neutral aspect of the water gives the painting an over all feel of relaxation and comfort. Prown gives an interesting description to this painting in in his book American Painting From its Beginnings to the Armory Show. In this book he states: Breezing Up is a seagoing version of Snap the Whip. The boys exert a mutual effort for their common delight. One adult is present, briefly privileged to share their pleasure. The day is sunny; the air and water are alive. Wind fills the sails, and the boat fairly shudders as it drives through the choppy sea. The thrust of air against the canvas pulls every line taut, and hands work to hold this living machine, quick with the breath of nature under control. Prown 87. This is a nice description of the work. It seems that one of this paintings main focuses is the pleasure and beauty of children in nature. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-18710848974085027232019-11-26T11:18:00.001-08:002019-11-26T11:18:05.436-08:00Economic Environment 40 Marker EssayEconomic Environment 40 Marker Essay Economic Environment 40 Marker Essay The external environment in which businesses operate can have a significant effect on their success. To what extent do you think that the external environment in the UK is favourable for businesses at the moment? (40) The UK economy grew by 2.6% last year, the fastest pace since 2007, at which point the country was in a recession. The unemployment rate stands at 5.8% of the adult population. Although this is still high (1.91 million people are unemployed) it is the lowest in six years meaning that generally, consumers now have higher disposable income; this is particularly significant as average earnings including bonuses are now up by 1.8%, with wages rising faster than inflation. Inflation has also fallen to 0.5%, allowing for cheaper purchase of materials/supplies and more cost-effective production. However, the pound has weakened against the dollar and the euro, having implications for imports and exports. It could be argued that the UK environment is favourable for businesses at the moment in terms of Human Resources, as unemployment is high, meaning more people may be willing to work for a minimum wage. This allows businesses to reduce costs in areas such as wages, meaning they are more able to invest in other areas such as expansion in order to encourage growth. This will particularly benefit the economy as growth of businesses means a higher GDP for the UK due to increased output as a result of increased demand. High unemployment means that firms also have access to a wider pool of labour, allowing them to target a more specific demographic during the recruitment process. However, these people may not have the skills required, perhaps affecting productivity as well as quality, as goods may be made faulty or services may be delivered incorrectly. Issues with skills may be particularly significant as Rolls Royce are planning to make redundancies of 2,600 employees as part of a cost c utting programme to compete against bigger rivals such as General Electric. These are likely to have specialist skills, meaning they may struggle to provide skills for vacancies elsewhere. In addition, these people may only be able to take the job in the short term which will mean a business has to go through the recruitment process regularly. This will in the short term prove a cost to the business, something to be avoided during times of low demand as a result of unemployment or inflation. It therefore depends on Government intervention as this could lead to the implementation of education/training programmes for the unemployed, which will determine their skills set and their motivation to stay with a firm for the long term once employed. In turn, this will govern whether the employees are increasing costs for the business more so than they need to be, determining whether the UK environment is favourable for businesses in terms of HRM. The UK economic environment can also be considered favourable in terms of a firms marketing, as increased GDP indicates there is a high demand, allowing firms to market themselves as a brand based on pricing, something firms find difficult to do during a recession as consumers expect prices to be lowered. This could perhaps allow firms to increase profit margins so that profit could either be reinvested or distributed as dividends to shareholders, encouraging further investment. This increased investment could allow some firms to become much more efficient, creating a USP or even acting as a competitive advantage against other firms, which is particularly important in a growing economy as there will be a higher chance of business start-ups being successful. However, it could be argued that the UK environment is not favourable in terms of marketing as it is more expensive to advertise due to higher demand as a result of a higher disposable income. It may also be particularly difficult for businesses to differentiate themselves from other companies as most businesses will be advertising to try and increase Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-18752491176005080082019-11-22T18:41:00.001-08:002019-11-22T18:41:04.793-08:00The Ultimate SAT Spanish Subject Test Study GuideThe Ultimate SAT Spanish Subject Test Study Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Applying to highly selective schools often means submitting SAT Subject Test scores along with your regular SAT or ACT scores. Si espaà ±ol es pan comido para usted, then taking the SAT Spanish Subject Test is a great way to fulfill part of the subject test requirement. Read this guide to learn more about whatââ¬â¢s on the SAT Spanish Subject Test and whether or not you should take it. Weââ¬â¢ll go over format, test content, where to find good practice material, and tips to help you when studying and taking the test. Table of Contents Whatââ¬â¢s the Test Format? When Can You Take It? Should You Take the SAT Subject Test in Spanish? Choosing the Right SAT Subject Test: Spanish or Spanish with Listening? What Does the Test Cover? Part A: Vocabulary and Structure Part B: Paragraph Completion Part C: Reading Comprehension SAT Spanish with Listening Question Styles Where to Find SAT Spanish Practice Tests 4 SAT Spanish Study Tips Test-Day Tips En Conclusià ³n Whatââ¬â¢s Next? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or more? We've put our best advice into a single guide. These are the 5 strategies you MUST be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download this free SAT guide now: Whatââ¬â¢s the Test Format? There are two different SAT Spanish tests you can choose from. The regular SAT Spanish Subject Test is like most other standardized tests- youââ¬â¢ll be asked multiple choice questions about what you read in the test booklet. The Spanish with Listening Subject Test is a little different because the test starts by asking you to answer around 30 multiple choice questions based on listening to recordings (followed by ~55 questions youââ¬â¢ll answer based on what you read). SAT Spanish SAT Spanish with Listening Whatââ¬â¢s it out of? 200-800 points 200-800 points How long is it? 60 minutes for reading questions 60 minutes total (20 min for listening questions, 40 minutes for reading questions) How many questions is it? 85 Around 85 (around 30 listening questions, 55 reading questions) For both of these tests, youââ¬â¢ll need to answer about 85 multiple choice questions (each with four possible answer choices). Each correct answer is worth one point, each skipped or unanswered question is worth 0 points, and each incorrect answer is worth negative 0.25 points (to discourage random guessing). When you take the Spanish with Listening Subject Test, youââ¬â¢ll need to bring along an approved CD-player to use for the listening questions. Return to the table of contents. Robert Leverington/Flickr When Can You Take the SAT Subject Test in Spanish? The regular SAT Spanish Subject Test is offered in August, October, December, May, and June. The Spanish with Listening Subject Test is only offered in November*. Hereââ¬â¢s a snapshot of what the SAT II Spanish test dates look like for the school year 2019-2020: SAT Spanish SAT Spanish with Listening August 24, 2019 âÅ"â October 5, 2019 âÅ"â November 2, 2019 âÅ"â December 7, 2019 âÅ"â May 2, 2020 âÅ"â June 6, 2020 âÅ"â In future years the dates may shift around a little, but the SAT Spanish Subject Test will always be offered in these months around the same dates. You can find the most up-to-date information about SAT Subject Test dates here. *SAT Language tests with listening will be offered in November up through November 2020; after that, they will only be offered in May (starting May 2021). Return to the table of contents. Should You Take the SAT Spanish Subject Test? The College Board recommends that you should only take the SAT Spanish Subject Test if youââ¬â¢ve studied 3-4 years of high school Spanish (or two years, if youââ¬â¢re an advanced student). To be blunt, SAT Language Subject Tests are extremely difficult to do well on for non-native speakers because your performance is being compared to that of native speakers who take the test. The curve isnââ¬â¢t quite as bad on Spanish as it is for some of the other language tests, but in general, there are only three cases in which you should think about taking a SAT Subject Test in Spanish. Case 1: Spanish Is Your Strongest Subject Some highly selective colleges require or recommend students to submit at least two SAT Subject Test scores along with their applications. If application requirements are why youââ¬â¢re taking an SAT Subject Test, Spanish should only be your choice if itââ¬â¢ll be one of your best scores. To know if you'll be able to do well on the SAT Spanish Subject Test, we've put together this table with what it takes to get a good score on the SAT Spanish Subject Test (excerpted from our article on whatââ¬â¢s a good Subject Test score). 70th+ %ile score 80th+ %ile score 90th+ %ile score Spanish 730-740 760 790-800 Spanish with Listening 750-760 770 790 If youââ¬â¢re going to be able to hit a higher percentile score on the SAT Spanish Subject Test than you will with any other Subject Test, then you should take it. Otherwise, it's better to send colleges an excellent score in another area than to send them a mediocre Spanish SAT II score. Case 2: Youââ¬â¢re Not Taking Spanish but Want to Show Fluency If youââ¬â¢re not taking AP or IB Spanish B and want to show you have a high level of fluency and ability in Spanish, then it makes sense to take the SAT Spanish Subject Test. Students who might fall into this category include native Spanish speakers or students whoââ¬â¢ve taken a lot of Spanish outside of their high school and want to demonstrate their abilities. In fact, if you have a lot of experience and familiarity with spoken Spanish, the College Board particularly recommends taking the Spanish with Listening Subject Test to showcase your listening skills. Case 3: You Want to Place Into the Correct Level of Spanish Colleges often use standardized test scores to place you in the right level foreign language classes. If youââ¬â¢re not planning on taking the Spanish AP or IB test, then taking the SAT Subject Test in Spanish is a good substitute. Most colleges also have some kind of free placement exam, so if you donââ¬â¢t want to spend the time and money on a SAT Subject Test, you donââ¬â¢t have to. One bonus of taking the SAT Spanish Subject Test, though, is that all the questions are multiple choice- you wonââ¬â¢t have to write any essays or even do any free-response questions. If youââ¬â¢re only taking the test to place into the correct level of Spanish and will be submitting other, likely higher, SAT II scores with your college applications, you should wait until youââ¬â¢re as far along in your Spanish classes as possible to take the Spanish SAT. Youââ¬â¢ll need to double check with the colleges youââ¬â¢re applying to, but as a rule, if youââ¬â¢re only taking SAT II Spanish to place into the right level Spanish class, you should hold off on taking it until May or June of senior year. Return to the table of contents. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now: Choosing the Right SAT Subject Test: Spanish or Spanish With Listening? We briefly went over the big difference between the two tests when discussing their formats, but that might not be enough information for you to decide which test to take. The difference between the two tests boils down to how comfortable you are with understanding spoken Spanish. On the informational page about the Spanish with Listening Subject Test, College Board states that ââ¬Å"many colleges indicate the Spanish with Listening test gives them a fuller picture of your ability and may be more useful for placement purposes.â⬠So if you can excel on Spanish with Listening, you should absolutely take that over the regular Spanish Subject Test (kind of like how you should take the Math 2C Subject Test over Math 1C). But if youââ¬â¢re not confident your Spanish listening comprehension skills are at a high enough level or are worried that anxiety about the listening section will negatively affect your score, you should take the regular SAT Spanish Subject Test. 40% of the questions on the Spanish with Listening Subject Test involve listening to spoken Spanish and answering questions on it. The three tasks youââ¬â¢ll be asked to perform are: Explaining a picture ("Pictures"). Youââ¬â¢ll have to identify either whatââ¬â¢s presented in a photograph or the most likely thing someone in the photograph would say. Continuing a conversation ("Rejoinders"). Youââ¬â¢ll have to choose the answer that would be the best next line in a short conversation. Demonstrating listening comprehension ("Selections"). Youââ¬â¢ll need to answer questions that demonstrate youââ¬â¢ve understood what was said in a longer spoken selection. Keep in mind that both exams test you on your knowledge of vocabulary and structure, paragraph completions, and reading comprehension. Itââ¬â¢s just that answering questions based on written material makes up 100% of the SAT Spanish Subject Test, but only about 60% of the SAT Spanish with Listening Subject Test. For Rejoinders questions, if one person in the recording asks à ¿Dà ³nde est el baà ±o?, you'll need to choose an answer that makes sense in context. Return to the table of contents. What Does the Test Cover? The SAT Spanish Subject Test is designed to cover skills and topics that are taught in most high school Spanish classes. Specifically, the following three areas are heavily emphasized: Vocabulary (in the context of a sentence as well as throughout the test) Parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, etc.) Idiomatic expressions The test itself is divided up into three sections, each with roughly equal numbers of questions. Part A: Vocabulary and Structure Part B: Paragraph Completion Part C: Reading Comprehension In the next three sections of this guide, Iââ¬â¢ll go over whatââ¬â¢s on each of the three parts of the test. All sample questions come from the SAT Subject Test Student Guide 2016-2017. Return to the table of contents. Part A: Vocabulary and Structure The first part of the SAT Spanish Subject Test is the Vocabulary and Structure section (33% of the test). This section is made up of fill-in-the-blank questions which test your knowledge of both what word or phrase is correct grammatically and what makes sense in the context of the sentence. Hereââ¬â¢s an example of a vocabulary and structure question you might see on the SAT II Spanish Test: Directions: This part consists of a number of incomplete statements, each having four suggested completions. Select the most appropriate completion and fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. Si en el Brasil, hablarà amos portuguà ©s y no espaà ±ol. (A) vivamos(B) vivimos(C) vivà amos(D) vivià ©ramos Answer: D Return to thetable of contents. Part B: Paragraph Completion The next section on the Spanish SAT Subject Test is the Paragraph Completion section (33%). This section is very similar to the vocabulary and structure section, but instead of testing grammar and usage with isolated sentences, youââ¬â¢ll be given longer paragraphs and asked to complete them with the appropriate vocabulary or phrase choice. Hereââ¬â¢s a sample paragraph and a paragraph completion question about it: Directions: In each of the following paragraphs, there are numbered blanks indicating that words or phrases have been omitted. For each numbered blank, four completions are provided. First, read through the entire paragraph. Then, for each numbered blank, choose the completion that is most appropriate given the context of the entire paragraph and fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. La mquina ms infernal de hacer dinero se llama ââ¬Å"Pedroso,â⬠un osito electrà ³nico que (4) ha derramado sobre sus fabricantes beneficios superiores a los 100 millones de dà ³lares en el (5) aà ±o. La (6) de Pedroso es que habla. Claro, no hay ningà ºn misterio en la cinta sin fin y el grabador (7) en el interior del osito. Pero lo (8) novedoso es que (9) hablar su boca se mueve en sincronà a con las palabras y sus ojos pestaà ±ean. El juguete (10) vende a precios que oscilan entre 60 y 80 dà ³lares. (4): (A) todavà a(B) nunca(C) ya(D) tampoco Answer: C Return to the table of contents. Part C: Reading Comprehension The last third of the SAT Spanish Subject Test is Part C, the Reading Comprehension section. The questions in this section are based on short selections from: prose fiction historical works newspaper and magazine articles advertisements, flyers, and letters You'll be tested on your understanding of the passage or image with questions that ask you about: main and supporting ideas themes style tone spatial and temporal settings of the selection (where and when do the events described in the passage take place?) Below, you can try out a sample Reading Comprehension question based on an advertisement. Directions: Read the following texts carefully for comprehension. Each text is followed by a number of questions or incomplete statements. Select the answer or completion that is best according to the text and fill in the corresponding circle on the answer sheet. à ¿Quà © caracterà stica se destaca ms de la compaà ±Ã a anunciada? (A) Su precio(B) Su cortesà a(C) Su rapidez(D) Su amplitud Answer: D Return to the table of contents. SAT Spanish With Listening Question Styles If you choose to take the SAT Spanish with Listening Subject Test, youââ¬â¢ll encounter three additional types of questions, all listening-based. For Pictures questions, youââ¬â¢ll be shown a printed picture in your test booklet and asked to listen to four sentences. The recording will specify whether the sentences are meant to illustrate what you see in the picture or be an example of what someone in the picture might say. The full sentences you listen to for the Pictures questions are not written out in your test booklet, just the answer choices (A), (B), (C), or (D). For an example of a Pictures question, try the first or second question in this set of official practice questions. The next type of Listening question is called "Rejoinders." Youââ¬â¢ll hear either several short conversations or parts of conversations and then be asked to listen to four possible choices for how the conversation could continue. Again, only (A), (B), (C), or (D) will be in your test booklet, not the full text of the choices. To see an example of a Rejoinders question, try question #3, 4, or 5 in this set of official practice questions. The last type of Listening question, Selections, asks you to demonstrate youââ¬â¢ve listened to and understood a longer listening selection (around 10-25 seconds). For an example of this type of question, try any of the last four questions in this set of official practice questions. Return to the table of contents. Where to Find SAT Spanish Practice Tests The best source of realistic SAT Spanish Subject Test practice materials is the College Board, the maker of the test. If you want to practice with a full-length official SAT Spanish practice test, youââ¬â¢ll have to buy The Official Guide for ALL SAT Subject Tests, 2nd Edition, which costs around $18 and includes an audio CD for the Spanish with Listening practice test. Both of the SAT Subject Tests in Spanish ask you questions based on what you read, so you can use the reading section of the practice test youââ¬â¢re not taking for extra practice questions. If youââ¬â¢re taking theâ⬠¦ Take theâ⬠¦ Get extra practice questions from theâ⬠¦ Spanish Subject Test Spanish Subject Test practice test Spanish with Listening Subject Test practice test Spanish with Listening Subject Test Spanish with Listening Subject Test practice test Spanish Subject Test practice test The best free resource for official SAT Spanish practice is the College Board website, which allows you to answer 33 practice questions online and view your results (with answer explanations). Here's a breakdown of how many types of each question the College Board website has for the SAT Spanish Subject Test: Section Type Number of Questions Vocabulary and Structure 5 Paragraph Completion 15 (across two different paragraphs) Reading Comprehension 13 (across three different passages/ads) If youââ¬â¢re taking the Spanish with Listening Subject Test, you can also try out nine official online listening practice questions for free. If your browser supports Adobe Flash Player, you can actually listen to the questions, rather than just reading the written-out script, which is great practice! Here's a breakdown of the number of Spanish with Listening questions College Board has up online (spoiler alert: there are only nine questions total): Section Type Number of Questions Pictures 2 Rejoinders 3 Selections 4 Other Practice Resources The free SAT Subject Tests Student Guide PDF is useful if you want to print out the questions and take them on paper for more realistic practice, but it only includes some (not all) of the free online practice questions linked to in the previous section. If you want more practice tests, you can supplement your studying with non-official practice materials. The best of these seems to be Barronââ¬â¢s SAT Subject Test: Spanish, which includes ten full-length practice tests as well as review materials for specific topics. Return to Table of Contents 4 SAT Spanish Study Tips Now that you're fully equipped with information about what the test covers, what the question formats are, and what practice materials are out there, it's time to jump into studying. We've come up with four fundamental tips to help you as you prep for the SAT Spanish Subject Test. #1: Listen and Watch Spanish-Language Media A great way to get comfortable with colloquial Spanish is to listen to Spanish-language music and watch telenovelas or other Spanish-language media. This is one time where watching TV is a valid studying technique! Get on your online streaming service of choice and search for Spanish-language music and film/TV. Make sure to turn off English subtitles if youââ¬â¢re watching something in Spanish, or that will defeat the purpose. If you're looking for specific movie suggestions, Spanish teacher Carla Staffaroni suggests watching Diarios de motocicleta, La misma luna, Valentà n, and La historia oficial. #2: Memorize Irregular Verbs One thing the SAT Language Subject Tests love to test you on is irregular verbs, particularly ones that are commonly used. Study them and learn them well so youââ¬â¢re not unpleasantly surprised on test day. Here's a list of the top 25 most common irregular verbs: Spanish verb English meaning ser to be haber to have estar to be tener to have hacer to do, to make poder can, to be able decir to say, to tell ir to go ver to see dar to give saber to know querer to want, to love llegar to arrive, to reach, to come (to) poner to put, to place, to set parecer to seem creer to believe seguir to follow, to continue encontrar to find, to encounter venir to come pensar to think salir to leave, to go out volver to return, to go back conocer to know (people or places) sentir to feel, to regret contar to count, to tell We have an article specifically about ser for every tense, as a good starting place. For more irregular verbs, search online for "common irregular Spanish verbs." #3: Memorize the Question Formats Just knowing Spanish wonââ¬â¢t be enough to ace this test if you are caught off guard by the ways youââ¬â¢re tested on your knowledge. Familiarize yourself ahead of time with the different question formats that will be on the test to avoid getting surprised on test day. To recap, those formats for the regular SAT Spanish Subject Test are: fill-in-the-blank vocab questions, paragraph completion questions, and reading comprehension questions. In addition to those three question formats, the Spanish with Listening test also has Picture, Rejoinder, and Selection questions. #4: Take Realistic Practice Tests Even if youââ¬â¢re completely fluent in Spanish, you should take at least one realistic practice test to familiarize yourself with the layout of the test. To get the most realistic practice-test experience, youââ¬â¢ll need to make sure you take the test in one sitting, stick to the 60-minute time limit, and donââ¬â¢t re-listen to audio recordings youââ¬â¢ll only get a chance to hear once on the real test. If you take a realistic practice test and ace it, then congratulations! You donââ¬â¢t need to spend extra time studying. If you take it and donââ¬â¢t do as well as you expected, thatââ¬â¢s still helpful, because the questions you got wrong will tell you where you need to focus your studying. Part of making sure your practice test is realistic if youââ¬â¢re taking the Spanish with Listening Subject Test is using an approved CD player, preferably the one youââ¬â¢ll be using on test day. Yes, itââ¬â¢s easier to just pop the CD into your computerââ¬â¢s disc drive, but that wonââ¬â¢t give you the most realistic testing experience. Make sure you have and practice with a CD player that: has headphones is handheld (no boomboxes or computers) is battery operated (no power cords permitted) canââ¬â¢t record or duplicate Return to the table of contents. You also cannot take a realistic practice test using your car's CD player. Test-Day Tips All of the usual test-taking tips apply to the Spanish Subject Test: get lots of sleep, bring a snack, get there early, and so forth. However, weââ¬â¢ve also compiled four tips below that are particularly helpful for taking the Spanish SAT II. #1: Only Guess Between Two Answers As with all SAT Subject Tests with questions with four answer choices, the Spanish and Spanish with Listening tests take off a third of a point for every wrong answer. Unless you can narrow your choices down to two possible correct answers, itââ¬â¢s too much of a risk to guess. Youââ¬â¢re better off skipping the question, which leads right into the next test-day tip. #2: Skip Hard Questions Save time by skipping over harder questions and coming back to them later. Each question is worth the same amount of points, and thereââ¬â¢s no rule that says you have to go through the test in order. It's much better to skip and come back to a difficult question than it is to burn five of your precious test-taking minutes staring it down. Unfortunately, if you want to get a good score on the SAT Spanish Subject Test, you're going to have to answer almost every question correctly. But it's better for your score to answer 81/85 questions correctly and leave four blank than it is to answer 85/85 and get four questions wrong. The next two tips are for the Spanish with Listening Subject Test only. #3: Donââ¬â¢t Forget Your CD Player! There is nothing worse than getting to a testing center and realizing youââ¬â¢ve forgotten some essential test-taking tool, whether it's your lucky number two pencil or your graphing calculator for SAT Math. All this is to say that if you're taking the SAT Spanish with Listening Subject Test, make sure you bring your College Board-approved CD player with you to the test. You might want to pack it (along with headphones and extra working batteries) the night before, just to be safe. Before test day, youââ¬â¢ll also want to check to make sure the CD player is working well and put in fresh batteries (no need to be changing your batteries out during the test). Similarly, make sure that the backup batteries you bring with you are functional. College Board even suggests bringing a backup CD player if possible, although that seems a little over the top. Still, you should do whatever will make you feel the most confident that you wonââ¬â¢t encounter technical difficulties during the test. #4: Stay Calm During Listening Because it requires not just reading, but listening, some students can get very anxious about the listening section of the test, particularly since itââ¬â¢s the first 20 minutes of the test. You can do things ahead of time that will lessen this anxiety, like making sure you practice with the same CD player youââ¬â¢ll be using on the test so you can get familiar with it in the test-taking environment. We also have some great tips on decreasing test-taking anxiety in general here. Ultimately, though, even if you finish the listening section and feel like youââ¬â¢ve completely failed it, try not to let it faze you too much. You need to put your game face on and concentrate on hitting the next 55-ish written questions out of the park! Postpone your self-doubt and worrying for 40 minutes until you put down the pencil at the end of the test. Return to the table of contents. En Conclusià ³n The SAT Spanish Subject Test is 85 multiple choice questions taken over the course of 60 minutes. If youââ¬â¢re fluent in Spanish or know that your strongest SAT Subject Test Score will be in Spanish, you should take the SAT Spanish Subject Test. Consider taking the Spanish with Listening Subject Test if you have a good understanding of spoken Spanish, as it will give colleges a better idea of your Spanish abilities. Use the College Board website for free practice questions, or buy The Official Guide for ALL SAT Subject Tests, 2nd Edition for a complete official practice test. Try the Barronââ¬â¢s SAT Spanish Subject Test book for more non-official practice tests. You can also prepare for the SAT Spanish Subject Test by listening to Spanish-language music, watching Spanish-language TV and films, and memorizing common irregular verbs. On test day, remember to skip hard questions and come back to them later and only guessing if you can narrow it down to two choices. If youââ¬â¢re taking Spanish with Listening, donââ¬â¢t forget your CD player and try not to sweat the listening section after youââ¬â¢ve finished it. à ¡Feliz estudios! Whatââ¬â¢s Next? Want more in-depth information about the difficulty of the test before you make any decisions? Read our analysis of how hard the SAT Spanish Subject Test is here. Still trying to decide if it makes sense to take the SAT Spanish Subject Test? Take a look at our discussion of which SAT Subject Tests you should take. Not sure if you need to take an SAT Subject Test for the colleges you're applying to? Use our complete list of colleges that require SAT subject tests to figure out the answer! Need a little extra help prepping for your Subject Tests? We have the industry's leading SAT Subject Test prep programs (for all non-language Subject Tests). Built by Harvard grads and SAT Subject Test full or 99th %ile scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so that you get the most effective prep possible. Learn more about our Subject Test products below: Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-44526355588263924242019-11-21T01:58:00.001-08:002019-11-21T01:58:02.937-08:00Starting with approximately 1900 and going to the present, how has EssayStarting with approximately 1900 and going to the present, how has international relations changed over this period Identify th - Essay Example (Devetak, Burke and George) The era starting from the 1900 till present witnessed a systematic change in the international relations and the overall role of states within the overall global scene. From the rise of the nation-state to the emergence of sole superpower of the world, international relations drastically changed. The advancement in the technology and improvement in the military power coupled with global power of large corporations, international relations are not what they used to be in the 19th century. There has been a gradual shift towards redefining the roles and responsibilities of major nations along with that of the other nations. This paper will discuss and explore as to what changed in international relations since 1900. This paper will explore as to what were the major changes and the causes of such changes taking place at the global stage of international relations. International Relations since 1900 Starting with 1900, Germany started to emerge as one of the le ading players in the world stage. With increasing military power, it started to engage with Britain and France, two of the other most important players in the international arena. ... The rise of Germany resulted into the wars between the European superpowers which also resulted into the weakening of the power of the European States. The Balkan Wars, the Bosnian crisis, the outbreak of first and Second World War has created significant change in the international relations. The period after 1919 is considered as an important period in which the World actually made a transition into a new era owing to the efforts of Woodrow Wilson. The creation of League of Nation is considered as one of the most important change in the international relations as it signaled a systematic introduction of the role of global institutions in the overall domain of international relations. The League of Nations started a new direction in the international relations wherein institutions like League of Nations and subsequently United Nations become significant influencing authorities in international relations. (Lawson) It is also important to note that with the weakening of the European P owers due to World War II has resulted into creation and independence of new countries in the world. This has further increase the number of regional players to dominate the regional politics as well as influence the international politics. Countries like India emerged in the mid of the 1900 and quickly became the regional powers with the ability to withstand the pressure from the bigger superpowers of the world. The increase in the number of independent countries has also resulted into further conflicts at the regional level. The issue of Middle East and Palestine emerged as one of the important issues involving many regional as well as global players. Besides, the conflict between India and Pakistan and subsequently between India and China also Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-85883042354058645882019-11-19T10:16:00.001-08:002019-11-19T10:16:02.400-08:00Current event summary Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5Current event summary - Assignment Example ents the global political scenario as the underlying cause of the widespread fear of inflation many people with philosophical mind are currently suffering from. Krugman negated all assumptions leading to the fear of inflation and tried to dilute the fear potion further by identifying deflation as a bigger danger than inflation. Krugman confesses that Federal Reserve is printing more money that apparently makes the circumstances favorable for inflation, yet there remains little chance of any rise in inflation given the banks are not willing to circulate the cash because of the widespread economic recession. This attitude of banks all over the world itself forwards a discouragement for the Federal Reserve with respect to printing more money. The author reiterates that the influence of debts on economical strength is very little and gives the real example of the Bank of Japan, that incurred large debts in the period between 1997 and 2003. Despite that, the consumer prices declined. Kurgman also put forward the examples of Canada, Belgium and Japan whose debts significantly crossed their G.D.P.s and still, the governments never thought about inflating the debt in order to finish it. Krugman emphasizes that the fear of inflation among public has been mainly inculcated by the economists who have adopted a biased approach towards the matter. Present age is an age of economic decline that has occurred globally. The global economic decline has fundamentally surfaced as a result of upsets in the political scenario all over the world, and the economical health of many countries has deteriorated. The area that has suffered the most because of the present economic recession is corporate business which has declined to extinguishment in many countries. People are not willing to invest money and other resources in business because they see little room for the expansion of business. People are aware of the fact that market is currently suffering from a scarcity of dollars. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-51595187099628702852019-11-16T22:47:00.001-08:002019-11-16T22:47:07.741-08:00Louis Pojmanââ¬â¢s We Donââ¬â¢t Deserve What We Earn Essay Example for Free Louis Pojmanââ¬â¢s We Donââ¬â¢t Deserve What We Earn Essay Merit and desert are two terms that are always in opposition to one another. While merit measures value in terms of success or failures, desert presupposes that value is not only measured in terms of success or failure but also the intentions must be assessed. Desert asseses ââ¬Å"whether or not one had good or bad intentions, whether or not one was responsible for the success or failureâ⬠. While it is tempting to decide on issues with regards to their value in terms of the intentions of doing them as well as the success or failure of the object to meet our specific demands, I do believe that we merit is the best way of making a decision; we deserve what we earn. Athlete who has been training for long hours everyday deserves to win a race because of his attempt to train, and not marely because he is tall or has some long strides. Merit presumes that a person deserves something provided that he has some qualities. This is in contrast to desert which assumes a person to deserve something given that he attempts or does something. The criterion for deciding whether we deserve what we earn may be either through merit or desert, but one fact is that we generally deserve what we earn. The society itself is full of pointers to the fact that we get what we ââ¬Å"sawâ⬠. To begin with, the laws governing our actions in the society show a justice. The concept of justice is found in most cultures and religious institutions. An ancient Greek poet, Simonides, defined justice as ââ¬Å"giving each person his dueâ⬠an idea which is unequivocal in the ancient Greek laws which also defined justice as giving the people what they merited. This idea of justice is also evident in most religions. The concept of the final judgment done on the basis of ones goodness or badness cuts across all religions; in the Hindu scriptures the notion of reward got after reincarnation is portrayed as being proportional to the personââ¬â¢s deeds. This same idea is also exemplified in the Quran and explicit in the Hebrew and Christian bibles. The bible for example states that what a person sows such shall he reap. In the current world affairs, we can look at the US election as one indicator of the criteria by which the society measures its values. We can decide to look at Obama as deserving the win from two perspective, from a meritorious point of view or from a desert based point of view. If we look at it from a merit-based point of view, then we can say that Obama deserved the win because he planned well, mounted a successful campaign machinery and was successful in convincing the young people, many of whom voted for him. On the other hand, we can decide to say that Obama deserved to win because he represented a minority community which has been oppressed and so deserved to win the election on this ground. Reference Pojman, L. Merit: Why do we value it. Journal of Social Philosophy. New York. Vol 30:83-102. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2699347745164412839.post-60279295753107121142019-11-14T11:18:00.001-08:002019-11-14T11:18:03.559-08:00Abortion Around the World :: Informative EssayProcedure of abortion is known since ancient times. The word abortion is came the Latin abortus where ââ¬Å"abâ⬠means ââ¬Å"amissâ⬠and ââ¬Å"oririâ⬠means ââ¬Å"likely to be born, ariseâ⬠.(1) Along with infanticide it has existed in many societies, both primitive and advanced. The earliest records of an abortive technique go back about 4,600 years to an ancient Chinese work, purportedly the work of Emperor Shen Nung which prescribes the use of mercury to induce an abortion. (3) In ancient ages pessaries or vaginal suppositories were used as an abortifacients.(1) They are generally more effective than oral drugs and included substances such as juice of the wild fig, a ââ¬Å"dairy liquidâ⬠,which caused irritation, soapwort, myrrh, myrtle, lupine, cedar-oil mixed with water, wine, or hot oil.(1) Ancient doctors also suggested smearing on the uterine opening goose fat, mashed leek and celery, rose oils, pine resin, copper scum, boiled honey, sodium carbon ate, and even mouse dung.(1) The Egyptian Kahun Papyrus, which dates to 1850 B.C., recommend crocodile feces either for preventing conception or as an abortifacient.(2) The Ebers Papyrus, which dates to 1550 B.C., contains several recipes that ââ¬Å"cause a woman to stop pregnancy in the first, second, or third period.â⬠(2) One recipe for a vaginal suppository includes mixed the unripe fruit of Acacia, colocynth, dates, and 6/7 pints of honey and pouring the mixture onto a moistened plant fiber. (2) Modern Arabic women still take colocynth as an abortifacient, though one woman who took 120 grains in a powder died 50 hours later. (2) In Arabic medicine, elephant feces were frequently recommended. (2) Aristotle suggests that the conceptus had a ââ¬Å"soulâ⬠after 40 days from conception if a male and 90 if female. (2) In addition there are similar differentiations in the Bible. (2) Later, Aristotle says that the foetus develops gradually and that it is impossible to mak e a fine judgment. Famous doctors such as Pliny the Elder, Dioscorides, and Pseudo-Galen mention more ââ¬Å"superstitiousâ⬠abortifacients, like passage over the root of a cyclamen, the egg of a crow, a snake, or a stone which was bitten by a dog. Ancient physicians also used pessaries, or vaginal suppositories, as abortifacients. They were usually more potent than oral drugs and included substances like the juice of the wild fig, a ââ¬Å"milky liquidâ⬠which caused irritation, soapwort, myrrh, myrtle, lupine, cedar-oil mixed with water, wine, or hot oil. Physicians also recommend smearing on the uterine opening goose fat, mashed leek and celery, rose oils, pine resin, copper scum, boiled honey, sodium carbonate, and even mouse dung. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07293988040451290841noreply@blogger.com0