Isolation of Casein From Milk

In this experiment, casein was isolated from milk by means of isoelectric precipitation. A percent yield of 5% was obtained by the group.IntroductionMilk is an opaque white or bluish-white liquid secreted by the mammary glands of female mammals, serving for the nourishment of their young. This liquid, as secreted by cows, goats or certain other animals are used by humans as food and as a source of dairy products such as cheese and butter. Milk composition differs widely among species. Factors causing these variances include: the type of protein; the proportion of protein, fat, and sugar; the levels of various vitamins and minerals; and the size of the butterfat globules, and the strength of the curd. On average, cow milk contains 3.4% protein, 3.6% fat, and 4.6% lactose, 0.7% minerals and supplies 66 kcal of energy per 100 grams. Bovine milk normally contains 30-35 grams of protein per liter. Of which, 80% is arranged in casein micelles.Figure 1. Model of Casein SupramoleculeContaini ng a fairly high number of proline residues, which do not interact and no disulfide bridges, casein has, as a result, relatively minimal tertiary structure. It is comparatively hydrophobic, resulting to its poor solubility in water. Showing only limited resemblance with surfactant-type micellae in a sense that the hydrophilic parts reside at the surface and are spherical, casein is found in milk as a suspension of particles called â€Å"casein micelles.† On the other hand, the interior of a casein micelle is highly hydrated. The caseins in the micelles are held together by calcium ions and hydrophobic interactions.Casein’s isolelectric point is 4.6. It has a negative. The isoelectric point (pI) is the pH of a solution at which the net primary charge of a protein becomes zero. At a solution pH that is above the pI the surface of the protein is predominantly negatively charged and therefore like-charged molecules will exhibit repulsive forces. Likewise, at a solution pH that is below the pI, the surface of the protein is predominantly positively charged and repulsion between proteins occurs. However, at the pI the negative and positive charges cancel, repulsive electrostatic forces are reduced and the attraction forces predominate. The  attraction forces will cause aggregation and precipitation. The pI of most proteins is in the pH range of 4-6.Mineral acids, such as hydrochloric and sulfuric acid are used as precipitants. The greatest disadvantage to isoelectric point precipitation is the irreversible denaturation caused by the mineral acids. For this reason isoelectric point precipitation is most often used to precipitate contaminant proteins, rather than the target protein. The precipitation of casein during cheesemaking, or during production of sodium caseinate, is an isoelectric precipitation.tive charge in milk since milk’s pH is 6.6.1 Results and DiscssionCasein was isolated from milk by means of isoelectric precipitation. A percent yield of % was obtained by the group. Table 1 presents the data and results obtained from the experiment which includes: (1) the weight of powdered milk, (2) the initial pH, (3) the final pH, (4) the volume of the acetic acid used, (5) the weight of casein and (6) the percent yield. In order to compute for the percent yield, the weight of the isolated casein was divided by the weight of the powdered milk, and then multiplied by 100%.Table 1. Data and results of the experiment: Isolation of Casein from Milk. Before autoclaving, the isolate was a white-yellowish solid with smooth texture. After autoclaving, it turned into a brown solution with black precipitate. The filtrate was a yellowish solution. The general principle behind this experiment is that when casein is at its isoelectric point, it is generally at the pH where it is least soluble. As a result, casein precipitates at this pH. To explain further, casein is present in milk as calcium salt, calcium caseinate. It is a mixtur e of alpha, beta and kappa caseins to form a cluster called micelle. These micelles were responsible for the white opaque appearance of milk.The casein, as proteins, is made up of many hundreds of individual amino acids, each of which may have a positive or a negative charge, depending on the pH of the [milk] system. At some pH value, all the positive charges and all the negative charges on the [casein] protein will be in balance, so that the net charge on the protein will be zero. That pH value is known as the isoelectric point (IEP) of the protein and is generally the pH at which the protein is least soluble. For casein, the IEP is approximately 4.6 and it is the pH value at which acid casein is precipitated. In milk, which has a pH of about 6.6, the casein micelles have a net negative charge and are quite stable.During the addition of acid to milk, the negative charges on the outer surface of the micelle are neutralized (the phosphate groups are protonated), and the neutral prote in precipitates. The same principle applies when milk is fermented to curd. The lactic acid bacillus produces lactic acid as the major metabolic end-product of carbohydrate [lactose in milk] fermentation. The lactic acid production lowers the pH of milk to the IEP of casein. At this pH, casein precipitates.2. Experimental5g of powdered non-fat dry milk was dissolved in 20 mL warm distilled water in a 100-mL beaker. The solution was heated on a hot plate to 55 °C. The beaker was then removed from the hot plate. The initial pH of the milk solution was noted. A solution of 10% acetic acid was then added dropwise whole while being stirred by a stirring rod. The acid solution was continuously added until the pH reached 4.6. The volume of the acetic acid used was noted. The solution was left standing until a large amorphous mass was formed.The isolated casein was dried between filter papers. The casein was weighed and the percent yield was determined. The isolated casein was then divide d into two portions. One portion was used for acid/base hydrolysis. The other portion was stored in the refrigerator (to be characterized later using various chemical tests).

Water Salinity Water Quality Guidelines Environmental Sciences Essay

Phosphate will excite the growing of plankton and aquatic workss which provide nutrient for larger beings, including: zooplankton, fish, worlds, and other mammals. A Plankton stand for the base of the nutrient chain.A Initially, this increased productiveness will do an addition in the fish population and overall biological diverseness of the system.A But as the phosphate burden continues and there is a build-up of phosphate in the lake or surface H2O ecosystem, the aging procedure of lake or surface H2O ecosystem will be accelerated. A The overrun of lake or H2O organic structure can take to an instability in the food and stuff cycling process.A Eutrophication, is enhanced production of primary manufacturers ensuing in decreased stableness of the ecosystem.A Excessive food inputs, normally nitrogen and phosphate, have been shown to be the chief cause of eutrophication over the past 30 old ages. This aging procedure can ensue in big fluctuations in the lake H2O quality and trophic pos ition and in some instances periodic blooms of blue-green algae. In state of affairss where eutrophication occurs, the natural rhythms become overwhelmed by an surplus of one or more of the followers: foods such as nitrate, phosphate, or organic waste. The concentration of algae and the trophic province of lakes correspond good to P degrees in H2O. The system so reacts by bring forthing more phytoplankton/vegetation than can be consumed by ecosystem. This overrun can take to a assortment of jobs runing from anoxic Waterss ( through decomposition ) to toxic algal blooms and lessening in diverseness, nutrient supply and home ground devastation. Eutrophication as a H2O quality issue has had a high profile since the late eightiess, following the widespread happening of bluish green algal blooms in some fresh Waterss. Some bluish green algae can at times produce toxins, which are harmful to worlds, pets and farm animate beings. Under aerophilic conditions ( presence of O ) , the natural rhythms may be more or less in balance until an surplus of nitrate ( N ) and/or phosphate enters the system. At this clip the H2O workss and algae Begin to turn more quickly than normal. As this happens there is besides an extra dice off of the workss and algae as sunshine is blocked at lower degrees. Bacteria attempt to break up the organic waste, devouring the O, and let go ofing more phosphate which is known as â€Å" recycling or internal cycling † . Some of the phosphate may be precipitated as Fe phosphate and stored in the deposit where it can so be released if anoxic conditions develop. Water PH The pH value determines whether H2O is difficult or soft. The pH of pure H2O is 7. In general, H2O with a pH lower than 7 are considered acidic, and with a pH greater than 7, basic. The normal scope for pH in surface H2O systems is 6.5 to 8.5 and for groundwater systems 6 to 8.5. Alkalinity is a step of the capacity of the H2O to defy a alteration in pH that would be given to do the H2O more acidic. The measuring of alkalinity and pH is needed to find the corrosiveness of the H2O. In general, H2O with a low pH ( & lt ; 6.5 ) could be acidic, soft, and caustic. Therefore, the H2O could incorporate metal ions such as Fe, manganese, Cu, lead, and Zn†¦ or, on other words, elevated degrees of toxic metals. This can do premature harm to metal piping, and have associated aesthetic jobs such as a metallic or rancid gustatory sensation, staining of wash, and the characteristic â€Å" bluish green † staining of sinks and drains. More significantly, there is wellness hazards associated with these toxins. The primary manner to handle the job of low pH H2O is with the usage of a neutralizer. The neutralizer feeds a solution into the H2O to forestall the H2O from responding with the family plumbing or lending to electrolytic corrosion. A typical neutralizing chemical is soda ash. Neutralizing with sodium carbonate ash, nevertheless, increases the Na content of the H2O. Water with a pH & gt ; 8.5 could bespeak that the H2O is difficult. Difficult H2O does non present a wellness hazard, but can do aesthetic jobs. These jobs include an alkali gustatory sensation to the H2O, formation of a sedimentation on dishes, utensils, and wash basins, trouble in acquiring soaps and detergents to flog, and formation of indissoluble precipitates on vesture. While the ideal pH degree of imbibing H2O should be between PH 6-8.5, the human organic structure maintains pH equilibrium on a changeless footing and will non be affected by H2O ingestion. For illustration our tummies have a of course low pH degree of 2 which is good acid that helps us with nutrient digestion. A pH scope of 6.0 to 9.0 appears to supply protection for the life of freshwater fish and underside home invertebrates Turbidity Turbidity is a chief physical feature of H2O and is an look of the optical belongings that causes visible radiation to be scattered and absorbed by atoms and molecules instead than transmitted in consecutive lines through a H2O sample. It is caused by suspended affair or drosss that interfere with the lucidity of the H2O. These drosss may include clay, silt, finely divided inorganic and organic affair, soluble coloured organic compounds, and plankton and other microscopic beings. Typical beginnings of turbidness in imbibing H2O include the undermentioned ( see Figure 7-1 ) : A · Waste discharges ; A · Runoff from water partings, particularly those that are disturbed or gnawing ; A · Algae or aquatic weeds and merchandises of their dislocation in H2O reservoirs, rivers, or lakes ; A · Humic acids and other organic compounds ensuing from decay of workss, foliages, etc. in H2O beginnings ; and A · High Fe concentrations which give Waterss a rusty-red colour ( chiefly in land H2O and land H2O under the direct influence of surface H2O ) . A · Air bubbles and atoms from the intervention procedure ( e.g. , hydrated oxides, lime Softening ) Simply stated, turbidness is the step of comparative lucidity of a liquid. Clarity is of import when bring forthing imbibing H2O for human ingestion and in many fabrication utilizations. Once considered as a largely aesthetic feature of imbibing H2O, important grounds exists that commanding turbidness is a competent precaution against pathogens in imbibing H2O.Turbidity ‘s Significance to Human HealthExcessive turbidness, or cloud cover, in imbibing H2O is aesthetically unsympathetic, and may besides stand for a wellness concern. Turbidity can supply nutrient and shelter for pathogens. If non removed, turbidness can advance a regrowth of pathogens in the distribution system, taking to waterborne disease eruptions, which have caused important instances of stomach flu throughout the United States and the universe. Although turbidness is non a direct index of wellness hazard, legion surveies show a strong relationship between remotion of turbidness and remotion of Protozoa. Dissolved O Dissolved O analysis measures the sum of gaseous O ( O2 ) dissolved in an aqueous solution. Oxygen gets into H2O by diffusion from the environing air, by aeration ( rapid motion ) , and as a waste merchandise of photosynthesis. When executing the dissolved O trial, merely grab samples should be used, and the analysis should be performed instantly. Therefore, this is a field trial that should be performed on site. Environmental Impact: Entire dissolved gas concentrations in H2O should non transcend 110 per centum. Concentrations above this degree can be harmful to aquatic life. Fish in Waterss incorporating inordinate dissolved gases may endure from â€Å" gas bubble disease † ; nevertheless, this is a really rare happening. The bubbles or emboli block the flow of blood through blood vass doing decease. External bubbles ( emphysema ) can besides happen and be seen on fives, on tegument and on other tissue. Aquatic invertebrates are besides affected by gas bubble disease but at degrees higher than those deadly to angle. Adequate dissolved O is necessary for good H2O quality. Oxygen is a necessary component to all signifiers of life. Natural watercourse purification processes require equal O degrees in order to supply for aerophilic life signifiers. As dissolved O degrees in H2O bead below 5.0 mg/l, aquatic life is put under emphasis. The lower the concentration of O, the greater the emphasis. Oxygen degrees that remain below 1-2 mg/l for a few hours can ensue in big fish putting to deaths. Water temperature Why is H2O temperature of import? Most aquatic beings are inhuman, intending they are unable to internally modulate their nucleus organic structure temperature. Therefore, temperature exerts a major influence on the biological activity and growing of aquatic beings. The higher the H2O temperature, the greater the biological activity. Fish, insects, zooplankton, phytoplankton, and other aquatic species all have preferred temperature ranges. As temperatures get excessively far above or below this preferable scope, the figure of persons of the species decreases until eventually there are few, or none. For illustration, we would by and large non anticipate to happen a thriving trout piscary in pools or shoal lakes because the H2O is excessively warm throughout the ice-free season. Temperature is besides of import because of its influence on H2O chemical science. The rate of chemical reactions by and large increases at higher temperature, which in bend affects biological activity. An of import illustration of the effects of temperature on H2O chemical science is its impact on O. Warm H2O holds less O that cool H2O, so it may be saturated with O but still non incorporate adequate for endurance of aquatic life. Some compounds are besides more toxic to aquatic life at higher temperatures. Temperature is reported in grades on the Celsius temperature graduated table ( C ) .

Supermodels and their influence on society Essay

Supermodels and their influence on society - Essay Example It provides the opportunity to display singularity and individuality through experimentation with appearance and dress. Dress codes and decorations enable people to understand the separation between gender, sex, and sexuality. This paper discusses supermodels, particularly Naomi Campbell, Cara Delevingne, and Kendall Jenner and their influence in the society. Naomi Campbell started modeling when she was 15 years old, thus becoming the first black model to feature on the cover of time. She attended London Academy of Performing Arts where she acquired the modeling career. Naomi was the first African woman to emerge on the British Vogue and covers of French, thus enabling her to become famous (Cashmore, 2012, p. 86). She also gained popularity when she appeared on the cover of Time as the first black model. She had a volatile temper that landed her into many legal problems, thus boosting her fame in the fashion industry because her news appeared in global headlines. She also participated in the music career, and his songs sold throughout the world hence increasing his fame. Her works also had a significant impact on the society hence enhancing his popularity in the whole world. Campbell also graced different high-profile campaigns that increased her popularity in the American market and the entire world. Cara’s family was wealthy and held a high social status, which enabled her to rise to her position the contemporary society. Her family’s status and position in the society allowed her to associate with the famous and the rich from an early age. Cara’s participation in the Burberry catwalk show conducted in September 2012 increased her popularity throughout the world. She has a faux goofiness, which enables people to admire her pieces. Her fashion creates a good look among the followers, thus increasing his fame in the fashion industry. Kendall Jenner is a professional model, and she has appeared on many magazine covers hence

Please answer the following questions Assignment

Please answer the following questions - Assignment Example Functional structure classifies the people with the function they perform. Divisional structure- These are structures which based upon various divisions within organizations. This is further divided into; product structure which is based on the organizational of the staff and a duty which is based on different products the company produces. Market structure which classifies the employees according to the market the company deals in. Geographical structure which is applicable to organizations working in different places (Schein 59). Other kinds of structures include; bureaucratic structures, pre bureaucratic structures, network structure and team structure. Bureaucratic structures are advantages in organizations with complex managements. Pre bureaucratic is suitable when administration is centralized. While network structure help maintain coordinates. b) What is organizational culture-These are the behaviors and the values that explain the social uniqueness and the organizational psychological environment. It is therefore the summation of organizations preset and past experiences and philosophy hat defines and hold the organization together. It is rooted on the customs, beliefs, attitudes and norms. It is manifested through the strength of the staff, flow of power and information, autonomy and freedom in the organization and the ways business is conducted in the organization. The organization culture is regarded either strong or weak. This is depends on how it spreads within the organization. Culture affects organizations productivity and the quality. It also influences marketing and advertising strategies. In India the major drivers are power distance; people are not equal in the society 77. Individualism; this explains the degree of interdependence maintained among members is rated at 48 Masculinity/Feminist indicating success n competition 56. Uncertainty and avoidance and the long term orientation which involves dealing

English Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 3

English Literature - Essay Example It is plausible to assert that the main characters’ motivation for viewing in another entity, possibly the best or desired versions of themselves is a consequence of their unremarkable and rather ordinary lives which perhaps do not offer a sense of fulfillment or satisfaction thereby, leaving behind a yearning and longing for wanting more. Accordingly, it is evident that the characters’ psyche is characterized by the presence of doubt, uncertainty and a yet again that sense of discontentedness which is prompted by the onset of anxiety which translates into the emergence of psychological splits. Regardless of the protagonists’ intentions behind their alternative portrayals of the self and their respective identities it can be established that the existence of split identities for a single individual in this case The Narrator and Afonso is also fundamental to the boosting of their self-worth, for perhaps all their lives have been marked by inadequacy and unrequited personal and professional relationships where their mothers, fathers, girlfriends and bosses have been absent in the association or never thought too highly of the protagonists’ or their capabilities to maintain the relationship and let it thrive. However, the question arises that whose approval is more significant for maintaining and advancing the characters’ sense of self-worth? What binds the members of the fictional Fight Club in Palahniuk’s work is a sense of resentment, dissatisfaction and rage which is channeled negatively through activities of vandalism and destruction. However, these are only the personal traits and characteristics that are comparable between each and every member of the alliance. Another aspect of the main characters’ early life which is similar and therefore, reinforces the notion of The Narrator and Tyler Durden – the co-founder of Fight Club being the same person is that of their mutually shared contempt for their fathers. The

Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Employment Law - Essay Example cans with Disabilities Act demands fairness in employment privileges to necessitate equal access to state services, public accommodation and provision of special facilities to necessitate communication and mobility for the impaired. Organizations with more than 15 employees are required by the state to adhere by the American with Disabilities Act guidelines. Employers are required to institute reasonable accommodation if it does not strain the organizations operations financially, through business size and operation structure. Employers should not compromise on their organizations production standards to accommodate the disabled persons. It is illegal to discriminate a qualified person in the process of recruitment because of his or her physical or emotional impairment. For instance, in the second case, a complaint was denied an employment privilege because of her weight as the interviewer alleged that park and recreation employees were physically fit. The interviewers act is punishable by law because he denied a qualified person the employment privileges accessible to persons with equal qualification. According to the act, the obese employee should have been given a chance and plans for reasonable accomodation put in place for her to attend physical fitness therapy. Employers are required to provide reasonable accommodation on the employees request through helping in devising a way of solving performance problems. Moreover, employers are at liberty to choose and implement the accommodation strategy that is cheaper and easier to provide considering the nature and financial status of the organization. For instance in in the third case, the administrative assistant should not be subjected to undue medical tests that are not mandatory for other employees in the organization. The HIV infected employees should be subjected to screenings that are job related and their assessment is important according to the nature and needs of the business in question. Despite

Gang Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gang - Essay Example Meetings and gatherings with the police department and the community members to talk about and enlighten the community members on the effects of crime. The members of the community get to have information on how to identify the criminals and how to report to the relevant authorities. The members need to know that it is their right to stay safe and secure all the time. Gang Resistance Education and Training program, one of the best known educational-based prevention programs. Developed by bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and explosives in conjunction with the local police. This program consists series of lessons for the community and students that include skill development to help resist gangs and gang membership, avoid involvement in crime and learn the dangers associated with crime and gangs. The program is effective in developing positive attitudes towards the police and negative attitudes toward involvement in gangs and crime. Children have always learned how to act in the real world from the stories they hear, mass media contributes significantly to their behaviors. If the stories children see involve violence as a solution to problems, they are most likely to exercise violence to solve problems and challenges they face in the real world. The parents of the children can take charge to change how the children behave through either the following ways. Reduce exposure to media violence. If children watch movies, television less and less randomly, the chances of them seeing violence will be very minimal. Setting limits on how much the children watch and setting guidelines on what they watch can help accomplish reduction to exposure to media violence. Parents may consider adding positive programs while limiting negative ones. Another way to control is by establishing guidelines to media other than television, including video games, magazines, movies, comic books and videos. Change the

Personal essayapply to college Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal essayapply to college - Essay Example I was excited for this job because when I was in China I didn’t have a job like this one. I liked this job. I had studied Traditional Chinese Painting and I thought I could do well. However, I realized I was wrong after I saw the students’ pictures which were so creative and imaginative. Those were not only pictures; instead, they contained in them interesting stories. For example, there was a cup in the middle and about the picture, a kid thought that was a gas station and cars got refueled from there. I wondered if I could ever think like that. The teacher told me, â€Å"We can, through practice, improve shapes of things we draw, but we cannot practice our creative and imaginative ability.† Now, let’s explain what creative imagination is. Researchers suggest that creative imagination is about creating an image in your mind about a task you want to achieve, and holding that image for a longer period of time till your unconscious and subconscious together start reprogramming the mental software that your subconscious holds by injecting their own suggestions and ideas. In other words, creative imagination allows a person to utilize the unconscious part of their brains to gain its power and combine it with their conscious mind. This includes different characteristics of thinking and this type of thought process encounters and solves a problem from many angles, many sides, many layers, and use different compositions to consider the issue, and look for answers. By not receiving the restrictions of present knowledge and not being restrained by traditional methods, the paths of thinking are open and spread. This is important because it is not a single solution, but a va riety of programs in a variety of ways to explore and to choose. This thinking is not intended to focus on finding old knowledge, nor is it to repeat the same old ideas, but instead it is about attention to the discovery of new things, new laws, new theories, new ideas, and to promote people

Discuss the Importance of Non-Lethal Weapons for Police Operations Research Paper

Discuss the Importance of Non-Lethal Weapons for Police Operations - Research Paper Example It is often left to the practical application on the field (Jussila, 2001), as it is not possible to determine the extent of police force used before the actual event. However, preferably, the police is expected to minimize the damage to the persons involved, and the property (Jussila, 2001), with the understanding that it is inevitable to cause some sort of offence to the criminals or the property during police operations. If there is no checks and balances, there would be unfair and unjustified loss, both of the life and the property of the parties involved (Jussila, 2001). For this purpose, there is an increased trend to employ non-lethal weapons, or force instruments (Jussila, 2001), so that even fewer cases of damages are invoked. This paper purports to analyze the importance of such non-lethal weapons during police operations. The weapons are basically categorized into two classes; against the people and against the machinery, such as the vehicles (Capstick, 2001). There are so me significant examples of weaponry employed for each category, and the following is a brief description of each of these non-lethal weapons, and their importance in police operations. ` The most common forms of weapons are lasers and tasers. Lasers are straight rays of high intensity light that is used to focus targets, make the machinery malfunction, and even as an offensive weapon against criminals (Capstick, 2001). The newer versions of lasers are safe for the eyes, so they can be used without any permanent damage to the victims (Capstick, 2001). Tasers, on the other hand, are essentially shocks of high voltage, low amplitude electricity that is shot through the body of the victim (Capstick, 2001). This causes a reversible and temporary neuromuscular failure, causing the victim to succumb to the police officers (Capstick, 2001). However, care must be taken not to overuse the tasers as it might even prove to be detrimental to the officers using them. Foams come in sticky and aque ous forms (Capstick, 2001). They stick to the victim and make him unable to move, by increasing in volume and engulfing the victim (Capstick, 2001). The aqueous forms can easily be removed later on and do not cause the danger of suffocation or eye damage (Capstick, 2001). However, they are not as adhesive as the sticky foam. Simple water is perhaps the most effective and the safest form of non-lethal weapon used against large gatherings for dispersion and for clearance of a closed off area (Capstick, 2001). It is used with pressure through pumps and water guns, and can be infused with dyes to mark the miscreants (Capstick, 2001). Acoustic weapons and malodarants are two technologies that can be effectively used against mass gatherings and for crowd dispersal (Capstick, 2001). However, they can be a source of inconvenience for the people in the neighborhood and for untargeted victims (Capstick, 2001), as they need to be further improved and refined. However, they have the potential f or effective force employment that is non-detrimental to the victims, like the water guns. Sticky nets are another example of non-lethal weapons, and they can be fired using simple dispensers that can be attached to the police guns to entrap the victims and make them indisposed to counterattack (Capstick, 2001). Non-lethal weapons that can be used against machinery such as vehicles include

Psychology References Essay Example for Free

Psychology References Essay Select something you either strongly like or dislike (e.g., reading, competitive sports, flying, snakes, etc.). Write a two to three (2-3) page paper in which you: 1. Briefly describe your like or dislike (one to two (1-2) sentences). 2. Describe the subfield (e.g., cognitive psychology, developmental psychology, psychoanalytic psychology, etc.) you believe is best suited for providing psychological insight into your preference (the fact that you like or dislike the thing you do) and why you believe it is so. 3. Discuss how biological bases of behavior (including sensation and perception) have contributed to your preference. 4. Analyze how engaging in or reacting to your preference (e.g., playing competitive sports or encountering a snake) affects your state of consciousness during that engagement. 5. Discuss the role that learning has had on the fact that you like or dislike the thing you described. Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements: †¢ Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. †¢ Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are: †¢ Distinguish between the major schools of thought in psychology. †¢ Discuss the biological factors that influence behavior. †¢ Describe the major theories of learning, memory, cognition, consciousness, development, and social psychology. †¢ Use technology and information resources to research issues in psychology. †¢ Write clearly and concisely about psychology using proper writing mechanics. Grading for this assignment will be based on answer quality, logic/organization of the paper, and language and writing skills, using the following rubric.

Advantages and disadvantages of viewing behaviour

Advantages and disadvantages of viewing behaviour To look at life-span development, we need to be aware of what it is, although the meaning is within the name. It looks at how a normal person develops throughout the life-span. This process begins between conception and birth, the miracle of pregnancy where a one-celled organism develops into a foetus and finally a newborn baby emerges into the world. The development of this developing child is affected by the world around them. Affecting growth and at critical points can alter their genetic characteristics, which are developed within the womb, and the expression of these characteristics. Our exploration begins at birth, where who we are and will ultimately become is a life-long endeavour. (http://www.learner.org/discoveringpsychology/development/ 2001) In this assignment I am going to look at the infant period of the life-span. Development occurs across three separate yet overlapping domains. Biological, which looks at how the body matures, grows and changes. Psychosocial looks at an individuals personality and emotions and also their social expectations and interactions. Cognitive involves the mental processes of knowing which includes problem solving, imagining, reasoning and perceiving. According to Erikson (1950) there are 8 stages of development beginning with 0-1 year old, basic trust versus basic mistrust. This involves trusting that things will happen either through the childs own ability or trust that the childs care giver will provide what is needed. A key element in Eriksons theory is based on a secure attachment being made. This ties in with Bowlbys attachment theory (1969), as he believes a secure base must be formed in early years through attachment. He believes this attachment will impact future relationships. For example, attachment in adult intimate relationships can mirror earlier attachments in childhood, resulting in negative or positive attachments throughout the life-span. Eriksons second stage of development is for 2-3 year olds, autonomy versus shame, doubt. At this age childrens biological development includes learning to grasp, walk and other physical abilities which ultimately lead to free choice. The child begins to show control, for example with toilet training. However they may also develop a feeling of shame if the training is not handled adequately. Children need to be enabled to assert some control over their environment. Success with this leads the child to feeling a sense of purpose. However this needs to be balanced as the children who exert too much power can experience disapproval from their care giver which will result in the child feeling guilty. In social work practice some theories have influenced social work over the years. One example is psychosocial casework which in many ways is a development from psychodynamic theory in particular the ego psychology of writers such as Erikson. However Thompson criticises Eriksons work on human development as he feels it does tend to lack awareness of broader social issues (the significance of gender, for example) (Thompson, 2009, p89) A key theory I touched on briefly is attachment. In 1970 Ainsworth and Bell conducted a study which looked at the individual differences in attachment. They used a test called the strange situation to conduct the experiment; it involved mothers and 1 year old infants being observed by researchers in a play-room through a two way mirror. This study is relevant in practice as the social worker is the stranger. This is why the situation should be observed and record made of what occurs. As a social workers experience grows they may relate to what they observe on an attachment style. According to Bowlbys research there are lots of issues affecting attachment, for example, a mother suffering from post-natal depression may have trouble bonding with her child. This can have long-term effects on the child. However the child can form an attachment with another care giver. Although Bowlby insists on it being the mother this does not have to be the case, as children can adapt and attach to any care giver, as long as all needs are adequately met. Attachment is valid throughout the entire life-span not just in infancy. Every person has an attachment style that is unique to them. However a secure base is still needed as early attachment is crucial. When a child has a good early attachment they will learn to trust a new care giver because the child has previously learnt to trust. This again links Bowlby and Eriksons theories together, both putting attachment and trust as key issues in infancy. The intimacy of attachment is greatest at this early stage of infancy. Its difficult to get more intimate, than a vulnerable child with their primary care giver. There are 3 different kinds of attachment styles, ambivalent, secure and avoidance. Some attachment styles work well together and others dont. A social workers assessment in attachment styles is vital especially in adoption. As an ambivalent parent, who is very needy for love, this would clash with an avoidance child, whose reaction would be get away from me. Although Bowlbys theories are widely respected some feel his specification of the care giver being the mother as sexist. However his theory is valid and can be used with any care giver the child has and is vital in social work theory. A number of theorists have reconceptualised Bowlbys internal working model of attachment, which regulates communication with significant others, as a form of regulatory implicit rational memory (Bremmer and Slater, 2004, p208) This shows how Bowlbys attachment theory can be used as a base to support other theorists. Another key theorist for this stage of development is Freud. Freud (1905) believes that from the moment of birth the infants actions are driven by their desire for sexual and bodily pleasure. In infancy there are 3 stages to go through, the oral stage, the anal stage and the phallic stage. The initial oral stage is satisfied through sucking, for feeding. The second anal stage is released through the act of defecation. The final stage in infancy, the phallic stage is released through the infants interest in their sexual organs. Freud himself recognises the universal outrage that his theory was met with. Few of the findings of psychoanalysis have met with such universal contradiction or have aroused such an outburst of indignation as the assertion that the sexual function starts at the beginning of life and reveals its presence by important signs even in childhood. And yet no other findings of analysis can be demonstrated so easily and so completely. (Freud, 1925a: 216-217 cited in Thurschwell, 2009, p40) Looking at all the theorists and the life-span development in general gives you a benchmark of the norm. This enables us through the assessment process of any potential abnormalities that may be occurring. The theories are each relevant as they allow us to view why children exhibit certain behaviours. Theory is an integral part of social work, and the necessary tools needed are knowledge skills and values. Having adequate knowledge means knowing the relevant information, which when skilfully applied makes competent social work practice. Social workers need to be aware of people as ever growing individuals, with a past, present and future. It is vital to understand that service users are constantly changing and adapting to their surrounding environment. Children are not just miniature adults, they are their own individuals with separate wants and needs. We need to take this into account when dealing with children, and not talk around them. When this is not possible their best interests need to be at the heart of every decision made. Much of the distinction that we can make between adult and child owes a lot to how our society and the various cultures within it have constructed notions of what is appropriate for a child as opposed to what is appropriate for an adult. (Thompson and Thompson, 2008, p87-88) Although children need to be treated differently than adults we always need to be aware of the future of possibilities they have in front of them. A lot of who we become is mapped out in our childhood, so behaviours need to be noted and understood to help the individual in later life. One disadvantage the life-span development does not take into account is the world around us. This depending on the specific factor can lead to Anti-Discriminatory Practice (ADP) or Anti-Oppressive Practice (AOP), for example. a lack of understanding and knowledge of different cultural issues. Societal issues have just as much of an effect on infants as on adults. The structure of society often puts people at a disadvantage, for example, societys reaction to disability or race can lead to poverty and even social exclusion. However even with these issues people can sill build up resilience. Resilience enables some individuals to achieve satisfactory outcomes despite their disadvantaged backgrounds. This can be seen through a good school compensating for a delinquent neighbourhood. Even infants show resilience, low birth weight poses a risk to the child, due to the child being unable to grow at the rate required to which in return could affect its immune system, leaving the baby more vulnerable. Therefore overcoming this shows great resilience at a very early age. Another issue this raises is society labelling those who are considered to be outside the norm. Labels tend to influence the way people view and respond to what is labelled. Labelling theory describes the response and expectations of others to an act labelled deviant. This may create a situation in which the labelled person can do no other than respond in the ways expected. (Davies, 2000, p181) The labelling will have an effect on the care giver and therefore on the infant as well. When looking at infants you need to be aware of the surrounding family. Who at this early and vulnerable stage in development will have a significant impact? So although poverty is not something the infant will even be aware of, the care giver will be all too aware. There are a number of circumstances that may affect the way a child is raised; poverty is just one societal implication that can have an effect on the entire family. Any of these circumstances can lead to unnecessary stress which will then also impact on the infant. A different factor that can affect growth and development is disease and illness. One example of a condition that affects a childs development is autism. It is considered that autistic children show a lack of interest in people and therefore fail to show the normal attachment to their care giver. Autistic children have varying degrees of communication problems and because learning through play can be restricted, the childs pattern of development will be affected. In autistic children the overall development is slow and they do not reach the same mental milestones as the child who is normal. However autistic children are known to reach islands of brilliance. For example, although their communication with other children is very limited they may show considerably better powers of memory or drawing skills. So although the development process is very different from the norm, they adapt to their environment as other children do. In the early years it is just a matter of persevering and lea rning to get to know the infant the same as any other care giver would. In the case of an autistic child the life-span development would not be very useful, nor would the theories that have been suggested during this assignment. The social worker working with the infant will have to do their first initial assessment. Here they are laying the foundation for future assessments. They will be looking at the infants development and growth but as mentioned earlier the family will also impact on the infant in various ways. This is where knowledge of the entire lifespan is useful. As every person who is involved with the infant plays a part in their development. So an awareness of what is normal for that person is an advantage. The social worker will also be looking at the social implications that have an effect on the family, both positive and negative. So working with the family as a unit, with the infants well-being at the heart of everything, the social worker can focus on reducing the risk and negative impacts and raising awareness of the positives. This should have a positive affect on the well-being of the child. In conclusion a good knowledge and understanding of the life-span development benefits social workers, as it shows what is considered to be normal development throughout life. This helps social workers recognise when someone is not on target and therefore raises awareness of potential problems. However the disadvantage to this is it doesnt take into account any outside factors that can affect development. These factors include society issues that can lead to ADP and AOP if not taken into account with users and handled appropriately.

Sparrow Hawk Red :: Ben Mikaelson essays research papers

This book is about a boy named Ricky, he is a Mexican who lives in Southern Arizona. He only lives with his dad because his mother was killed in a car accident. Ricky and his dad have a bi-plane that they fly to relieve stress and forget about the death of Ricky’s mom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One day when Ricky and his dad just got done landing, there were some DEA agents waiting for them at their ranch. Ricky’s dad used to work in the DEA and they were back to ask him to help them steal and plane from the Cartel mansion in Mexico. The plane is supposed to have some sort of navigational system that only the DEA are supposed to have. Ricky isn’t supposed to know any of this but he listens secretly in another room. When he is listening he also finds out that his mother was actually murdered by the Cartel instead of a car accident.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Ricky finds out that his dad doesn’t want to go and steal the plane from the Cartel, it ticks him off and he decides to do it himself. So Ricky secretly runs away one day instead of going to school and goes to Mexico.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One day when Ricky is on his way to a village in Mexico that is near the Cartel mansion, he buys a burrito on the street and some boys see how much money he has. He runs away from them for awhile but ends up being cornered. They beat the living crap out of him and take all his money and his shoes. After Ricky wakes up from the beatings, there is a girl sitting across the alley from him. She tells him where the Cartel mansion is located, and she takes him to a restaurant and they eat food out of garbage cans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the ending, Ricky goes in the Mansion’s gate as a taco runner, and steals the plane.

Comparing and Contrasting the Movie and Natalie Babbitts Book Entitled

Do you know a book called Tuck Everlasting which is written by Natalie Babbitt existed in this world? It is a very interesting novel with a very sad ending. It’s a story about a girl, who discovered a very dangerous secret about a particular spring water. When you drink the water, it makes you immortal. A movie on this book was produced later on. Things change when you have to audition something that is written. And so, the movie Tuck Everlasting was very different from the book Tuck Everlasting. Winnie Foster, a ten-year-old girl, discovered a very dangerous secret about the spring water in the woods her parents owned. She found out that if the spring water is drunk, it makes one immortal. Winnie didn’t understand what it was like being immortal, until she met the Tucks, who had drunk from the spring water and had become immortal. She wanted to be immortal too, but they talked her out of it, except for Jesse Tuck. Jesse and Winnie liked each other very much. Jesse wanted Winnie to drink the spring water so that she could be immortal and could live with him forever. Jesse told her to drink the spring water when she gets a little older because Winnie was too young to drink it now. Winnie agreed. But in the movie, she turned out to be a fifteen-year-old young adult. So Winnie didn’t need to wait to drink the spring water. It was very surprising to see Winnie as a teenager when we all imagined her being a little kid. Because she was a little girl in the book, immortality was the main thing that was going on. But she was about fifteen years old in the movie, which changed the whole meaning of the book Tuck Everlasting. A movie which was supposed to be about immortality was turned into a romantic film. Winnie Foster and Jesse Tuck ... ...head. When he got to the Tucks house, he told them that he was taking Winnie away and that he bought the Fosters’ woods. Mae was so angry that she killed him. The constable arrived, just in time to see Mae doing that. So, in the book, Mae got into jail but in the movie, both Mae and her husband, Angus, got into jail. Winnie wanted to help them get out of jail. She succeeded in freeing them but used different methods for the book and the movie. So in the book, Mae got into jail but in the movie, both Mae and her husband, Angus, got into jail. Winnie helped them get out of jail but used different methods to free them. I like the reading book better than watching the movie because there are more facts in the book than the movie. Maybe I just like reading books better than watching movies. That’s my opinion. What’s yours (if you’ve read the book and seen the movie)?

The Fundamentals of Macroeconomics

Before being able to grasp what economics has to offer it is important to understand the terms and concepts that are frequently used in economic. This paper will consist of two parts, part one will explain six terms; gross domestic product (GDP), real GDP, nominal GDP, unemployment rate, inflation rate, and finally interest rate. Part two will consist of describing how three economic activities, such as purchasing of groceries, massive layoff of employees, and decrease in taxes. There will also be a few different examples that affect government, households, and businesses.(Part one)Start by describing the six economic terms.Gross domestic product (GDP) is the most used economic measure when it comes to determining the value of goods and services that are produced in a given year (Colander, 2010). There are four categories to GDP's consumption, government spending, investments, and net exports. The GDP reflects the total amount of both goods and services that were bought and sold, and there for can measure a country standard of living. It does not account for any goods or services that they may have in other countries.Real gross domestic product (RDP) is the final value that is given to a product or service based on the current economy. This type of GDP adjusts with the price levels in order to produce a more accurate number. Nominal gross domestic product (NDP) is the gross domestic product without taking into account inflation and can be misleading because appear to be higher than it really is because it has not been adjusted for inflation. Unemployment rate is the amount of people that are not employed and are looking for work. This reflects only the people who are ability to work, willing to work, and are looking for employment.Inflation rate is a level price of goods and services increasing. Inflation causes the value of the dollar to decrease meaning that people have less purchasing power. The increase in this rate is usually calculated annually, but can a lso be requested monthly.Interest rate is the percentage charged on loans and is charged annually. The higher the risk the borrower is the higher the interest rate this could be because of past experiences, late payments or not paying at all. If the borrower is low risk, then the interest rate will be low.(Part two)There are many activates that affect businesses, household, and government economies, here are three and examples of how purchasing of groceries, massive layoff of employees, and decrease in taxes. The purchasing of groceries by customers controls supply and demand. When the economy is good customers buy more there is greater chances of businesses making a profit, and when the economy is in a recession customer buying power is low. The recession and customers not buying groceries businesses will have to lay people off.The purchasing of groceries also affects the government because the government receives sales tax on the purchase of these items. A massive layoff of employ ees will cause the unemployment rate to go up, and when people have been layoff they purchase less and collect unemployment. This affects businesses because demand of products and services are down, and they are not making as mush product as they once did. The household is effect with no money coming in they cannot pay their bills, or supply what the family needs to live. The government is affected because the people that were laid off are collecting unemployment from the government.Decrease in taxes happens sometimes when the government has to intervene to slow down or try to reverse a recession. The government uses this policy to lower taxes to get people more money to spend so businesses can make products. When a business is producing products they are able to buy their workers and hopefully be able to hire more workers to help meet demand. With the decrease of taxes the government will have less money coming in for schools, to fix the streets, etc.Economics is a constant cycle p eople have to work to make money to buy things that the household needs. Businesses need workers to produce products  or services, which they are paid to do. The government relies on the taxes from workers, and businesses. Whenever money is spent there is going to be someone at a loss and someone at a gain, but it seems to always to come around full circle.

Organisation’s present and future information technology capability Essay

Conduct a detailed investigation of the organisation’s present and future information technology requirements insofar as they will impact on document production processes. Write a report in which you set out details of your findings. Include details of any information which you were not able to access but which would have assisted you to evaluate the organisation’s present and future information technology capability. Overview The organization that I’m currently based at comprises of two separate cafes. There is a main site (site 1) where most of the production is produced and then delivered to the second smaller site (site 2). The main site is where the majority of the paperwork is done and the majority of work is also done from there. Site 1 comprises of a desktop PC which is networked to a Point of Sale system at both sites and a printer. There are also email capabilities from the PC. Site 2 consists of only a Point of Sale system and they receive all documentation from Site 1. The only form of communication available is through the telephone. There is a major emphasis with both sites on compliance control such as temperature monitoring, pest recording, maintenance recording, product and menu signage, and cleaning records. Information Technology Requirements There could be a number of changes that would improve the communication between the two sites and the running of Site 2. A PC and a printer installed at Site 2 would enhance the efficiency of accessing documents required to fulfill compliance requirements. The addition of email access would also enhance the communication between sites and quick sharing of documents and menu updates. Email would also speed up the process of emailing documents such as maintenance requests, OFI requests, and other related material and provide a resource management system for ordering of paper, ink cartridges, etc. The daily counting of the till could also be instantly processed. Document Standards There is a good process in place for the standardization of documents but there is room for improvement. Document standards for menu design and  specials boards need to be implemented as there is inconsistency in layout, font type, font size, and punctuation. A standard template for all documents need to be designed with protected areas to ensure consistency and control. A form should also be developed to provide the staff with the opportunity to request alterations. Security measures need to be in place to ensure employees do not use standard documents for non-work related purposes and that privacy legislation is being enforced. There should also be schedualled automatic backups of documents to minimise staff disruption and prevent data loss.

Self evaluation

Individual Critical and Reflective Self-Evaluative Paper Course Evaluation; I really enjoyed this course, as I knew I would. I love to debate!! I am a very opinionated person and I used to want to be a lawyer when I grew up Just because I loved to argue so much (such a pleasure for my parents! ). On the course with me were some other girls who had some strong opinions too which was really great because we had some good debates with some strong arguments and points! At the beginning of the course we voted on the topics we wanted for our debates, which meant that we would all be interested in most of the subjects we chose.Being all irls as well you can image some of the â€Å"banter† we had! Even though the class started at 9am, it was always easy to come in because of the group that we had in class; I think it makes such a difference when there is good energy in a work area, it makes it a lot more fun to be in. I enjoyed the class time, especially because the format was very re laxed. The lecture would be more of a discussion where we would talk about certain issues and elements relating to the course. It makes the class much more enjoyable and engaging rather than Just listening to a teacher go on and on whilst the class sits there texting away on their phones.Personal Evaluation; Being such an emotional person I do find it hard to sometimes control my emotions and I find myself slightly riled up after morning debates! I am generally an emotional person and things get to me quite easily and I need to learn that in business, university and even sometimes my social life I need to Just relax and breathe; its not the end of the world! Having been born and raised in London I like to think that I have a good grasp on the English language and have a good way of expressing myself which has definitely been a useful tool for the debate questions and reviews.I try to ake on board the constructive criticism because we would all offer a lot of feedback and comments to one another, which is really useful, and I will take those comments to help myself in the future. For the first few debates I didn't use sources that were credible and the tutor told me that in order to make my statements and points more reliable I had to start using more credible sources. This term I have not been happy with myself academically or personally. I don't think that I have performed to the best of my ability and I believe that at the moment I am Just living rather than enjoying life nd my time at university.This is because I have been lazy. I am not back into a routine of being healthy and active and this has a negative affect on the other areas in my life. I want to be more active and involved in what's going on around London. I want to be able to talk about interesting things IVe done and seen and experience life to the full. I am going to start to be more positive and realise that only I can help myself I aim to change my outlook this upcoming holiday so that I can be on top form for my last two semesters and enjoy this last part of my education. self evaluation By Christianna-psarros Self evaluation Individual Critical and Reflective Self-Evaluative Paper Course Evaluation; I really enjoyed this course, as I knew I would. I love to debate!! I am a very opinionated person and I used to want to be a lawyer when I grew up Just because I loved to argue so much (such a pleasure for my parents! ). On the course with me were some other girls who had some strong opinions too which was really great because we had some good debates with some strong arguments and points! At the beginning of the course we voted on the topics we wanted for our debates, which meant that we would all be interested in most of the subjects we chose.Being all irls as well you can image some of the â€Å"banter† we had! Even though the class started at 9am, it was always easy to come in because of the group that we had in class; I think it makes such a difference when there is good energy in a work area, it makes it a lot more fun to be in. I enjoyed the class time, especially because the format was very re laxed. The lecture would be more of a discussion where we would talk about certain issues and elements relating to the course. It makes the class much more enjoyable and engaging rather than Just listening to a teacher go on and on whilst the class sits there texting away on their phones.Personal Evaluation; Being such an emotional person I do find it hard to sometimes control my emotions and I find myself slightly riled up after morning debates! I am generally an emotional person and things get to me quite easily and I need to learn that in business, university and even sometimes my social life I need to Just relax and breathe; its not the end of the world! Having been born and raised in London I like to think that I have a good grasp on the English language and have a good way of expressing myself which has definitely been a useful tool for the debate questions and reviews.I try to ake on board the constructive criticism because we would all offer a lot of feedback and comments to one another, which is really useful, and I will take those comments to help myself in the future. For the first few debates I didn't use sources that were credible and the tutor told me that in order to make my statements and points more reliable I had to start using more credible sources. This term I have not been happy with myself academically or personally. I don't think that I have performed to the best of my ability and I believe that at the moment I am Just living rather than enjoying life nd my time at university.This is because I have been lazy. I am not back into a routine of being healthy and active and this has a negative affect on the other areas in my life. I want to be more active and involved in what's going on around London. I want to be able to talk about interesting things IVe done and seen and experience life to the full. I am going to start to be more positive and realise that only I can help myself I aim to change my outlook this upcoming holiday so that I can be on top form for my last two semesters and enjoy this last part of my education. self evaluation By Christianna-psarros Self Evaluation Self-Evaluation from Employee It’s easy to say you can use any performance review phrase, change it to â€Å"I† or â€Å"me† and be finished with your performance review – but it’s not always that simple. You want your phrases to be honest, accurate, but not too harsh. Phrases criticizing performance need to be well balanced. We’ve compiled a list of hundreds of self evaluation phrases you can use to complete your performance review and receive the high marks you deserve. We’ve separated the phrases by topical area, then by positive and needs improvement.Find the right balance to describe yourself and speed up your performance review paperwork. This is part 1 of a several part series on self evaluations. Self Evaluation Sample Templates Writing a great self evaluation during performance review time can be a difficult task. How exactly do I describe my performance in Training or Leadership? We’ve written 450 self evaluation parag raphs in 30 categories – by exceeds expectations, meets expectations, and below expectations. These paragraphs make completing the self evaluation easy – simply copy and paste into your document. This ebook is available for instant download for $18. 5. ————————————————- Top of Form Bottom of Form Attendance and Punctuality Self Evaluation Positive Phrases I am a reliable employee who arrives on-time and leaves on-time. My break times are well planned and do not exceed the allotted time. I arrive each day fully prepared to tackle my responsibilities. I am reliable and do not have any attendance problems. I   ensure my team adheres to their lunch schedules and breaks. I meet all company standards for attendance and punctuality. I begin each day refreshed and ready for any challenges I will face.My attention to punctuality has paid off this year, I consistentl y arrive on time. I start and end meetings on time. I schedule time off well in advance. I am conscientious of others when scheduling time off. Attendance and Punctuality Needs Improvement Self Evaluation Phrases I am occasionally late for work and will improve this area by focusing on showing up on time each day. I need to improve showing up to work on time and keeping a normal work schedule. Over the next year, I’m going to improve meetings so they run to their prescribed time. Some of my breaks may run a little long, but I will improve my schedule.I will work on taking heavy traffic and weather into account for arrival time. I will continue to work on punctuality. Attitude Positive Self Evaluation Phrases I always try to keep a positive attitude, a smile on my face, and demonstrate how much I enjoy my job. I try to be cheerful to help those around me feel welcome and appreciated. I have an even demeanor through good times and bad. I do this to help others keep their  "enthusiasm† – both positive and negative – in check. I have a calm personality to keep an even attitude. I bring a high level of enthusiasm to my job.I try to always set a good example for the team and be here when they need a lift. I maintain a positive mind-set. Even though we have difficult situations and decisions to make, I maintain a positive outlook. I maintain a positive attitude. I like to build trust with my team by being a positive force on the team, congratulating high performers on successes, and working with those that need assistance to improve. Attitude Needs Improvement Self Evaluation Phrases At times, I can be brisk and to the point. I don’t mean to offer a negative impression, but sometimes I am very focused on the work at hand.Due to the demanding nature of our business, my team may at times think I am insensitive, but we have to get the job done, on time, and on budget. I am working to improve how I deal with others and customers. Th ough some may struggle with my personality, I believe I effectively use it to manage my employees. Communication Positive Self Evaluation Phrases I keep managers and coworkers informed of my work progress. I report all necessary information to my coworkers. I am excellent at keeping written information about my assignments and projects. One of my strengths is the use of candor and effective communication with my employees.One of my core strengths is the ability to immediately connect with someone. I am a very competent communicator. I clearly communicates with my employees and they understand my expectations. I am clearly good at communication as evidenced by my effectiveness in resolving customer problems. At first, communication was not my strongest attribute. However, after a lot of work, I have become a very good communicator. Communication Needs Improvement Self Evaluation Phrases Though some may believe I withhold information from my co-workers, I provide all information as re quired.My written communication is great, but I need to improve my verbal communication skills. My verbal communication skills are very good, but I need to work on my written communication skills. I believe I effectively communicate with my fellow team members, but I must improve communication with my management team. Communication is a weakness which I know I must improve. Creativity and Innovation Positive Self Evaluation Phrases My ability to change direction when required is an asset to the team. I am an innovator at heart – my skill at inspiring new ideas adds a lot to the team.I have an imaginative personality and am very resourceful in times of need. I have a creative touch in a sometimes normal role within our team. I add an artistic flair to everything I produce which makes my projects much more fun than most. When a major problem arises, I use creative problem solving to look at different sides of an issue I think outside the box when crafting solutions. I demonstra te a key ability to craft creative solutions to problems. I show ingenuity when facing difficult situations. Whenever we need a fresh look at a problem, I try to provide a novel perspective.I don’t rely on common methods to solve a problem, but address each situation with a innovative viewpoint. I constantly search for new ideas and ways to improve efficiency. I create an exciting atmosphere for his team: one in which new ideas are rewarded and encouraged. Creativity and Innovation Needs Improvement Self Evaluation Phrases I find at times that I am more practical than creative in many aspects of my job. Over the next year, I plan on working to improve my imagination at work to think more creatively. Innovation is not at the heart of what I do – I am more of a task oriented person.There are times when creative solutions are just not called for, but I have a creative mind and have a tendency to go there immediately. Sometimes I have difficulty thinking outside of the box and creating innovative solutions. I plan on improving innovation this year by seeking out new opinions and ideas. I have a tendency to ask for help from other people more frequently than researching potential solutions and fixes. Customer Satisfaction Positive Self Evaluation Phrases I take great pride in my work with our clients. I skillfully overcome client objections. I consistently receive high marks on my customer satisfaction surveys.I understand the latitude to ensure customer satisfaction and do everything necessary to retain customers. I am able to handle clients well. I am very good at keeping happy customers and successfully up selling them at the same time. I deal with customer complaints with a calm demeanor. I am very good at handling difficult situations with customers. I work with customers very well. I am very good at dealing with irate customers in a calm and rational manner. I believe no problem is too big that cannot be solved with care and understanding. I lis ten to our customers and resolves their problems in an agreeable manner.I understand how to listen to customers and extract those details which make a big difference when dealing with our clients. Customer Satisfaction Needs Improvement Self Evaluation Phrases Sometimes, I do not follow up with customers quickly enough. Though I have some low marks on customer satisfaction surveys, I am working to improve those scores. I continue to work on improving my ability to overcome customer objections. I understand the importance of customer service training, though I do believe I’ve received enough training to be successful. I am much better about handling telephone customer service than in person situations. Self evaluation Individual Critical and Reflective Self-Evaluative Paper Course Evaluation; I really enjoyed this course, as I knew I would. I love to debate!! I am a very opinionated person and I used to want to be a lawyer when I grew up Just because I loved to argue so much (such a pleasure for my parents! ). On the course with me were some other girls who had some strong opinions too which was really great because we had some good debates with some strong arguments and points! At the beginning of the course we voted on the topics we wanted for our debates, which meant that we would all be interested in most of the subjects we chose.Being all irls as well you can image some of the â€Å"banter† we had! Even though the class started at 9am, it was always easy to come in because of the group that we had in class; I think it makes such a difference when there is good energy in a work area, it makes it a lot more fun to be in. I enjoyed the class time, especially because the format was very re laxed. The lecture would be more of a discussion where we would talk about certain issues and elements relating to the course. It makes the class much more enjoyable and engaging rather than Just listening to a teacher go on and on whilst the class sits there texting away on their phones.Personal Evaluation; Being such an emotional person I do find it hard to sometimes control my emotions and I find myself slightly riled up after morning debates! I am generally an emotional person and things get to me quite easily and I need to learn that in business, university and even sometimes my social life I need to Just relax and breathe; its not the end of the world! Having been born and raised in London I like to think that I have a good grasp on the English language and have a good way of expressing myself which has definitely been a useful tool for the debate questions and reviews.I try to ake on board the constructive criticism because we would all offer a lot of feedback and comments to one another, which is really useful, and I will take those comments to help myself in the future. For the first few debates I didn't use sources that were credible and the tutor told me that in order to make my statements and points more reliable I had to start using more credible sources. This term I have not been happy with myself academically or personally. I don't think that I have performed to the best of my ability and I believe that at the moment I am Just living rather than enjoying life nd my time at university.This is because I have been lazy. I am not back into a routine of being healthy and active and this has a negative affect on the other areas in my life. I want to be more active and involved in what's going on around London. I want to be able to talk about interesting things IVe done and seen and experience life to the full. I am going to start to be more positive and realise that only I can help myself I aim to change my outlook this upcoming holiday so that I can be on top form for my last two semesters and enjoy this last part of my education. self evaluation By Christianna-psarros

Africa Hunger Essay

Today, i am happy to come here and tell you sth about Africa Hunger. First, i have a small question for you :† have you ever had nothing in your stomach for three days? Maybe none of you here have suffer it but in sub-saharan Africa, there are a lot of people died everyday due to starvation. In this presentation, i will tell you five things you may not know about hunger in Africa. Hunger in Africa has become a huge issue over the years. There are billions of adults and children starving. The first of five factors you may not know about Africa Hunger is Climate changes and bad weather significantly affect hunger in Africa. It push more and more people into hunger. According to Climate changes and Hunger, FAO, 2009; By 2050, climate change and bad weather will have pushed another 24 millions children into hunger. Almost half of these children will live in sub-saharan Africa. Why FAO can point out this conculsion, they have analized value of the number of hungry people from 2001-2009. this climate changes factor has create the following factor. Factor number 2 is rising food prices contributes to hunger in Africa. It is affected by climate changes and economic issue. However this problem can be solved since there are a lot of foundations for victims of starvation. However Factor number 3 showing that 2 factor above has crushed this part of the world is Africa accounts for 1 quater of the hungry population. From this chart you can see that there are 102 billion people in hunger all around the world and about 642 millions in Asia – Pacific. Sub- saharan Africa hvae reach 265 millions which mean 1 quarter of the world’s hungry population. The following factor will show us how terrible hunger is? Factor number 4: Hunger kills more people than AIDS in Africa. FAO has shown that 14,6 million African died because of AIDS but it is up to 42 million hungry deaths in the near East and North Africa. Factor number 5 relating to money have point out that it only take $0,25 to feed a child in Africa. You can provide a child with all of the vitamins and nutrients, he or she need to grow up healthy with only 5200 VN Ä  per day. Food is a humand right but there are more hungry people now than at any time in history. We can fix it. By this preresentation, i just want to send you a message â€Å" plz, don’t waste your food even a piece of bread†.

Finding Freedom: What it is and what it’s not Essay

Abstract Human freedom could very well be the most controversial topic in our society. To some, human freedom is the freedom to be educated, to work and provide financially for yourself and your family. The freedom to drive a motor vehicle. To vote for the president you truly believe in. To move about freely from one city, state, country or continent to another. In this report, I will investigate the perceived legitimacy of these freedoms, amongst others, and expose the variations in the definition of this word â€Å"freedom.† Finding freedom Many aspects of life come to mind when one is brought the question, â€Å"are you free?† The average person would say yes, they are. But, what does free actually mean? Most would say the ability to choose from any option dictating their personal future. But, there is a contingency to every decision we make and every freedom or option we have. We all want to make our own choices and decide which direction we want our life to go in, but that comes with a price. That price could very likely be one that we may not be willing to pay. Is that actually freedom? In order to take advantage of the freedom to drive an automobile, you must first pass a written test. Following the written test, you are required to pass a road test and pay the fees to become a licensed driver. Not to mention that you must have current insurance to even drive a vehicle after you’ve done all these things. With that said, you have the freedom to operate a motor vehicle, but you don’t have the fre edom to do so without first successfully completing the aforementioned steps. The United States boasts the fact that all of its citizens have the freedom to travel freely, both within and outside of its borders. Of course there is a contingency. They must know where you are going and for how long as well as other information one probably wouldn’t offer it that were not required to exercise their â€Å"freedom.† Describing human freedom is problematic at best as most see simply as the ability to do what you want. Jerry A. Coyne (2012) Stated that while people do have the ability to do what they want, what they want is predetermined by laws just like the laws of physics. In that sense, our so-called freedom is already within certain boundaries. Not realizing this, it’s even harder to understand that we already exercise our freedom within boundaries of the natural boundaries that have already existed. Finding freedom The idea of human freedom fits into the field of sociology though the fact that ones personal idea of being free directly results in the decisions that person makes. The collective decisions of a society shape a society. The degree of freedom one feels varies from person to person, but however free they feel actually indirectly shapes their society. Understanding this concept can grant invaluable insight on the dynamics of a society and their patterns of behavior. James M. Buchanan (1975) suggested that social stability requires an agreement on and enforcement of a structure of individual rights, meaning that in a society there is a general consensus that they all have the freedom to act in tolerable ways and make certain decisions. This also promotes the idea that there are still boundaries to the freedom we perceive and fight to keep. It’s fairly obvious at this point that freedom is not exactly what most would think it is and that the term is often confused with free will. John Locke (1997) believed that free will was the ability to override instinct. For instance, if one is hungry and they chooses not to eat to do something else, they have exercised their free will. But with true freedom, one would be able to choose not to eat at all. We know that we have freedom of speech and press and all of the other amendment, but they were given to us. True freedom has no proposal and enactment date. You either have it or you don’t. The fact is that the conundrum called freedom is actually not freedom at all. In James M. Buchanan’s (1975) study of commonality and non-economic interaction, he stated that freedom as a norm or rule for social intercourse has little or no meaning until or unless individuals are first identified in terms of acknowledged limits of behavior. With that said, if we all carried on with no interaction and did what ever we wanted to, that would be as close as we could ever get to freedom. Within a society, culture or family setting, there will always be a behavioral boundary. While we have the free will to make decisions within those boundaries, we do not have the freedom to make our own boundaries as long as we are a part of a society. Finding freedom Further research into the concept of human freedom, I believe, would offer a great deal of value to the field of sociology. One’s own sense of freedom plays a huge part in their day to day actions and what path they choose in their own life. Sociology, by definition, is the study of the development, structure and functioning of human society. The development of society is based on decisions made by those who lead the way of development and the citizens who decided elect them based on their own sense and concept of freedom. It is my understanding that the very foundation of a society is the peoples’ sense of freedom, collectively, and they make choices based on that sense of freedom. This could give insight into the research of crime, poverty and suicide rates as well as chronic depression and people who are withdrawn from society. Finding Freedom Discussion Though it may not be easy to grasp immediately, that our sense of freedom is what drives us, at this point it would be hard to object. Dr. Mark Cooray (1997) explained freedom is the liberty of the individual coupled with concern by the liberated individual for the liberties of others. In other words what we call freedom is merely a box that we are allowed to move about freely within. Only because our actions affect others and their sense of freedom do we have to operate within the confines of freedom. That leads me to believe that true freedom can only be achieved by on outside of a society or one happens to be an exception to the rule. It has been found that no one can truly be free without encroaching the freedom of another within their society. According the John Locke (1997) freedom is merely a better word for free will, when thought of literally, as there is no tangible concept of actually freedom. With that said, I can still conclude that people still do not feel as free as they actually are although still confined to the boundaries of freedom. This inference, I believe, could help with the research of several of societies ailments and perhaps empower some of those who may feel helpless and resort to deviant means. Finding Freedom References James M. Buchanan (1975). The Paradox of â€Å"Being Governed† – James M. Buchanan, The Collected Works of James M. Buchanan, vol. 7 (The Limits of Liberty: Between Anarchy and Leviathan) Jerry A. Coyne (2012). Why you really don’t have free will. USA Today John Locke (1997). What is human freedom?

Radiography Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Radiography Skills - Essay Example erior views commonly used in plain radiographs normally give distorted images as a result of the normal curvature and flexion of the scaphoid (Hackney & Dodds, 2011). Therefore, to produce clearer tomographic images, the helical CT is normally used. This view involves projecting x-rays through the wrist while rotating the x-ray source around the patient. This view is desirable for scaphoid fractures since it is faster and gives room for multi-planar reconstructions of the initial data. This is because AP image is a natural anatomical position conducted with the palm up; thus, it demonstrates the carpal interspaces better than the PA image. Additionally, the carpal interspaces are almost parallel to the divergence of X-ray beams; thus using PA would not bring out the best view. Thumb X-rays are slightly different from finger X-rays due to the functional anatomy of the thumb. It has a fine motor opposition, as well as an exceptional mobility compared to the fingers. Additionally, it has saddle joint articulation responsible for its movement with the trapezium. Therefore, while positioning the thumb for an X-ray the radiography should focus on the anterior lip of the metacarpal situated at the ligamentous trapezium’s attachment. This is what brings about the

The question of the past how does it influence the future and the Essay

The question of the past how does it influence the future and the present , can we change it what is the meaning of history in o - Essay Example Past events and experiences designs and shapes our present feelings, personality traits and present manifested behavior, (Darnton 123). All the experiences that people have been through during childhood dramatically influence the present and future life. Ones past constantly affect his present and will keep influencing his present and future as long as one is not aware of the linkage between his past, present and future. In fact, some psychoanalysts and psychologists argue that one’s present life is a product of the past events, experiences and behavior. Early memories of childhood are the foundation from which most of the people begin to form their beliefs, norms and value about the universe. For instance, if a young child believed that his family is according extra attention and care to his younger brother then he may grow with the misconception that his parents adore his younger brother than him. This past event influence the life of this child later on, because the child w ill grow with the belief that someone else is better preferred over him. When that boy matures and marries, he might begin thinking that the wife is infidel whenever she associates or smiles to another man. In this case, the initial believe that developed during childhood influenced the man’s perception of life. ... In terms of the experiences, people made decisions concerning such experiences that they consequently carry forward with them. In fact, people project such experiences into their tomorrow and expect such dreams, decisions, thoughts and beliefs to continue being real, (Darnton 128). For instance thoughts such as â€Å"I am good for nothing, they don’t love me, I am ugly† when people project these thoughts out into their future - with expectations of them being true in the present and future – people perpetuate themselves being the same people they believe to be tomorrow. In other words, they recreate the similar experiences over time, proving to themselves that they are indeed, that person of the past. Times is must spend and slowly and steadily running. This is the steadiest progress that one can speak about -time. Thus, each moment of an individuals’ life is exactly a yesterday’s time. When we were born, we began this journey of life at zero, and n ow several decades of our lifetime are spend. Thus, people definitely have a history, a past, indeed. Reflecting back at the past, we discover some happy moments and other unhappy moments. The past only makes a different through one’s perception of the current and future world around him. The past defines one’s ways of perceiving the current and the tomorrow’s world. It shapes our expectations, behavior, and values of the world and events taking place now and in the future. Therefore, it is evident that one’s past life increasingly affects his thoughts, views and choices that he makes in the current life and for next life to come. Can we change the past? As earlier

Source Selection and Ethical standards Applied on the Supply Chain Essay

Source Selection and Ethical standards Applied on the Supply Chain Performance - Essay Example This generally involves having a budget for the items needed, selecting the supplies intended in this bandages, needles, medical equipment etc. This is followed by the bidding process where the bidders are invited to tender for the supplies. The selection of the most viable and convenient supplier is chosen, implementation is done and further follow up is carried out. Triage approach is one the suggested ways that thoroughly looks at a systematic evaluation of individual suppliers then gives them categorical differences (Robert et al, 2008). This process enables you to get the best deal in inventory management process by assessing the suppliers’ dealings. It also customizes the product needs according to specifications let alone the strategic location that is convenient for you. The opportunity presented here is in product specification delivery. There is often a team that is liable to undertake the whole process. The sales lead oversees everything to the customers’ fin al detail. The procurement team and the technological advancement team plus the consultant team work hand in hand to meet the customers’ target. The team will always be ready to make any amendments and give suggestions towards vital changes that would be beneficial to the hospital. The location as well the timing is all put in consideration. The price at which the customer is willing to pay is negotiated and the fairest price reached. This saves on time as well the costs involved in other modes of procurement. This is because a shortage of inventory is not felt as well as the stock levels are maintained at the recommended levels. No one time will you experience out of stock of your supplies since your target is at the core of the supplier chain manager. The whole source selection caters for production, delivery, inventory management, locality aspects, and providing information where need be. The advantages of the source selection are so beneficial to the hospital. Insourcing is recommended than outsourcing. Outsourcing of the source needs would and might incorporate all the clientele needs. The small details that are vital in such a process may be overlooked leading to failure of the whole process. The cost involved in getting a consultant to outsource may also be quite high as the work is tedious. On the contrary the outsourcing of the source needs may be beneficial in that it will not consume time for the management. The whole process is left to the consulting company. The final decision however rests with the management. Insourcing of the source needs is recommended due to the fact that the needs are clarified along the way. Any changes that need to be made are done quickly saving on time. The best opportunity can easily be identified as the direct involvement is between the supplier and the hospital. A thorough analysis can be made before the selection process is reached for clarity and the way forward needed without further consultations. Ethics po licy for the purchasing department: Personal integrity and professionalism – each and every individual who will be involved in the supply chain should be honest, have due diligence and be caring. Respects should be portrayed towards the clientele as well as to their colleagues. The entire group should maintain confidentiality in their work. Information shared to the public should not be outside the context that is allowed by the hospital management. Accountability and transparency –

Reflection questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflection questions - Essay Example Socrates does not seem to be afraid of death. Socrates persuades both the young and old not to care for their body or wealth. Socrates says that excellence is not brought about by wealth. However, excellence will make wealth and all that is good for the people. Socrates says that the fear of death is the pretence of wisdom. Socrates says that one cannot believe to be wise when he fears death. No one can know whether death could be the greatest blessing among the blessings for human beings. However, Socrates is surprised that people fear death as if they had known that it is the greatest of all evils. Socrates therefore says that believing one knows what one does not know is ignorance. Socrates says that when a man takes a position that he believes is the best option, he must face the danger without fearing death or having thoughts of anything else. Socrates does not fear death and he tells the jury that he will obey the gods rather than the jury. Socrates believes that every mind is offered a choice between truth and repose and he can never have both. He therefore chooses the truth rather than submitting to his enemies. Socrates says that those who believe that death is an evil are mistaken. Socrates believes that it would be better for him to die now because this will enable him to escape from trouble. Socrates believes that the life that is unexamined is not worth living for a man. Crito wanted to help Socrates to escape from the prison but due to the attitude that Socrates had he refused to escape from the prison. Socrates says that one should consider opinions of people of who are sensible and are able to see things as they turn out. Socrates suggests that what the public achieve is only determined by chance and it cannot make a man either foolish or wise. Socrates is unwilling to escape from the prison not because he is afraid of endangering or inconveniencing

How can Amazon Web Services (AWS) reduce cost in the healthcare Term Paper

How can Amazon Web Services (AWS) reduce cost in the healthcare industry - Term Paper Example Additionally, the ever rising healthcare costs are one more concern that needs to be dealt with and also improving the quality of service to patients. Efforts are being made to try and reduce for patients and information technology acting as the primary enabler for this. It will be quite interesting to observe how these services will contribute towards and address these matters in the health industry. The aim of this paper is to discover the present-day state and trending of these services in the healthcare industry. Problem identification and definition Healthcare organizations and hospitals are experiencing difficult times, having to cope with increasing service and product demands within their inadequate budgets, while at the same time complying with healthcare restructurings and regulations. For all the inventions transforming the healthcare business, there is still one area where it remains nearly universally late; the application of information technology. Most healthcare syste ms are based on analogue workflows which comprises of paper-based health records, duplicated test results, and handwritten note which are usually inefficient and inconvenient in one way or another. As a result, information retrieval and updating remains slow, this in turn, leads to incompetent provision of treatment and patient care (Bower, 2012). Problem solution Amazon Web Services (also known as AWS) is a pool of remote computing services (that are also referred to as web services) that all together form a cloud computing platform and services, accessible over the Internet via Amazon.com (Tyrrell, 2009). Amazon Web Services provide a complete set of application services and infrastructure that enable one to run virtually anything in the cloud: this represents everything from big data projects and enterprise applications to mobile apps and social games. These services, to name a few include: the amazon simple storage services known as S3: Amazon S3 offers an extremely durable and accessible store for an assortment of content, extending from media files to web applications. It lets you offload your whole storage arrangement onto the cloud, where you can gain from Amazon S3’s pay-as-you-go pricing and scalability to manage your growing storage needs, distributing your content straight from Amazon S3. Another important service is the Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud, EC2, which allows the renting of virtual computers to, different users, which to run their personal computer applications. A user can launch, create and terminate server instances paying for the services by the hour therefore the term elastic. Another valuable amazon service is the database storage which enables users to store and access large amounts of data. Whether one is keeping pharmaceutical data for scrutiny and analysis, fiscal data for pricing and computation, photographs for resizing, S3 is the best location for storage of original content. One can then send these contents to EC2 for r esizing, computation, or other large scale analytics without sustaining any data transfer charges for transferring the data between the services. (Soman, 2011 Pp. 78) There is a lot of conversation on Amazon web services and how these services could be used in a way to benefit healthcare practices. The healthcare industry, through Amazon Web Services, is able to reduce costs, improve care, and realize business suppleness amongst other