buy custom Identity Theft-Credit Card Fraud essay

buy custom Identity Theft-Credit Card Fraud essay Recently, credit card fraud has been a serious problem in this world. Technology is so bloom currently; we usually shop online without going outside to purchase goods. What the intermediate we use to pay for the bill is by credit card. We have to fill in cardholders name, billing address, card number, and the most important item is security code. The security code is the key point to verify your credit card to go through the payment. Its impossible to use your card without that. However, some theft still can hack to your computer and record all of the information you fill in even the security code. Thus, some banks which issue credit card might use the newest technology, 3D verify, to protect the cardholders. In fact, Asia is full of fraud criminals that in almost every country. Especially in China and Taiwan, there are so many criminal groups doing credit card fraud to get money. I am from Taiwan, and I heard lots of news that all about credit card fraud, and I always buy stuff online, so I am afraid that my card might be stolen and used by the criminal group. As the result, I choose this topic to analyze and try to figure out what credit card fraud is and how to prevent it being stolen. Discussion There are some professional analyst who come up with some advices for credit card fraud, some technologist also do some innovation to protect the identity of credit card holders information, such as 3D verify. Im going to combine the information I found which wrote in introduction and the methods which can solve the credit card fraud. Moreover, I will come up with some idea for suggestion, even the ideas are still virtual, and maybe someday it will be used. Summary After all the research and finding, I will come up a conclusion for this research. By searching on internet and combine the news all together, there will be a most appropriate solution for this problem. Identity Theft Stealing millions of dollars from major retailers through identity theft is commonplace nowadays. Research shows that not all of those who have had their card number stolen have been identified by the officials yet. A lot of people are unaware that their identifying information has already been compromised. The most recent case is that of a person caught working as a confidential informant for a secret service and charged with computer fraud, access device fraud, wire fraud, aggravated identity theft and conspiracy. All these fraudulent acts were committed through stealing millions of credit and debit card numbers. By searching on the Internet and combining available information, one can come up with an appropriate solution for this problem. This paper details some of the suggestions on how to avoid being a victim of credit card fraud. To begin with, it is very important not to disclose your credit card information when you receive phone calls. Someone may call you and tell you there has been a 'computer problem' and they need you to verify information. Legitimate companies do not ask for credit card numbers over the telephone. Through my research, I came up safety tips to help cardholders. First, do not respond to emails asking you to provide your credit card information via email. Never respond to emails that request you to go to a website to confirm your personal (and credit card) information. These are scams known as phishing scams. Before providing your credit card information make sure the website you are about to log into is a secure one. Also, shred all the credit card applications you are given immediately. Do not leave your credit card and receipts lying around for others to see them. Shield your credit card number from everyone else because you can never be too sure who to trust. They may copy it or capture it with a phone or camera and use it for their own benefit. Update the stored information you have every time you get a new credit card. Do not carry any extra credit card you do not absolutely need to avoid losing them. Compare receipts with monthly bills and make sure there are no counterfei t charges in the credit card bills you receive. Destroy anything with your personal credit card number visible on it regularly. Do not lend your credit card to anyone you do not completely trust. If you move, notify your credit card issuer about the fact that you have changed your address (Hammond, 2003). Credit Card Fraud Thieves can go through trash and find discarded receipts or carbons. They use the account numbers written on them illegally. A clerk can make an extra imprint form in a persons credit or charge card. This clerk can use the number to make personal charges to his/her benefit. Sometimes, people respond to mailings asking them to call a long distance number for a free trip or bargain-priced travel package. They are then asked to first join a travel club and produce their account number to be billed. In reality, they never get their trip but have the charges added to their bill. Cardholders and issuers lose many hundreds of millions of dollar to credit and charge card fraud each year. They use peoples card numbers even without their knowledge. It is not completely possible to avoid credit or charge card fraud from happening. However, there are a few ways one can make it more difficult for crooks to capture their card or card numbers. These ways can decrease the possibility (Miller and Van dome, 2010). Government Involvement in Information Security Law enforcement officials often arrest suspects on charges related to credit card fraud, such as identity theft, computer fraud, credit card fraud and conspiracy. People steal millions of credit card numbers and financial information from the innocent. These characters aim for personal and financial information of normal citizens. They also target confidential and proprietary information of companies, especially those involved in e-commerce. Federal law enforcement agents cooperate with officials from various countries to arrest these fraud suspects. Investigations continue until those guilty of organized cybercrime are brought to justice The U.S. Department of Justice has made several arrests on charges of criminal copyright infringement in their operation Digital Gridlock. FBI and U.S. postal inspectors also announced that they made more than one hundred arrests in their operation Web Snare. Individuals have been accused of exchanging tutorials and information about identity theft and forgery. They have also been accused of trading sensitive personal and financial information. The charges include conspiring to commit identity fraud, trading emails with personal recognizing information, trafficking in credit numbers, and exchanging counterfeited and stolen identification files. They trade stolen credit card numbers and bank account information, credits cards, counterfeit passports, debit cards, drivers licenses, birth certificates, social security cards, college student ID cards, and health insurance cards. Identity fraud related charges have and continue to be made by the law. By going undercover, investigators have found out which sites are actively taking part in criminal conduct (Hayward, 2004). Information Security in Globalization Information economy and globalization have changed tremendously. Technology has advanced and so have the problems. Fraud has changed face with the development. However, there is nothing to link a fraud ring to any terrorist group. Several agncies have taken part in credit card fraud investigations. These agencies keep globalization in mind. Globalization has positive and negative implications on global and national security. Global market forces can generate a lot of wealth, thus giving a boost to economy. Unfortunately, where development is unequal, political tensions can be increased. The Internet has facilitated the spread of human rights throughout the world. It has also been used by individuals to disseminate information necessary for building weapons of terror. More states have access to fundamental technologies needed to make weapons of mass destruction because of the rising levels of industrial development. Open global market makes controlling traffic of weapons of mass destruction difficult. Whatever happens in one part of the world causes effects in the other. Information systems make the world of globalization happen and continue to remodel it. Nothing is what it used to be before. Large companies have the power to explore new ways to deal with the culture, norms, social values and local needs. China is testing national cyber defenses in its pursuit of cyber superiority. Its cyber warfare capabilities, far advanced than those of other countries, help it target both military and economic systems. The economy of a country depends on the safety and stability of its partner nations. Collaborator nations can lead to the rise or fall of a nation directly or indirectly. The world depends on some countries because they influence imports, human resource outsourcing, and information processing. If something negative happens in these countries, they are affected negatively as well. Interconnected economies create an environment with disadvantages. One or more infrastructure failures in a partner country can damage anothers stability. Global distribution of critical information and critical services is risky. It creates more opportunities for fraudsters to access, destruct and interrupt security of information. Security has become so intricate and multi-dimensional. Traditional national border-setting type of security insight is not capable of recognizing new threats that transcend the national borders. Terrorism has also become more complex and challenging with globalization. Global terror requires security cooperation among nations. Powerful states try to control the impact of globalization on terrorism. Globalized world faces international terrorism as a common enemy. Nations are much more connected and interdependent. This is a threat to the international security as a whole. Global terror is a problem for all human beings, and it has become even worse with the onset of globalization. The fight against terrorism has become a priority for all nations because it has acquired new characteristics. The nature and c ontent of terrorism keeps changing (Picker, 1986). States have taken measures to meet the challenges raised by development. Credit card cloning has also transcended borders in the era of globalization. Credit card companies continue to make higher-security credit cards. Chip-embedded cards cost more than magnetic strip ones. Credit card fraudsters use skimmers to capture the details of the credit card in the few seconds it takes to swipe a card through the machine. They download the captured information for whatever purpose without the knowledge of the cardholder. Some banking industries have come up with smart chips implanted in credit cards to secure the information stored in that the magnetic strip. Cardholders should be more careful these days. Credit card skimming discourages many consumers from making credit card purchases. Sophisticated counterfeiting technologies copy and use the information to reproduce counterfeit credit cards. With globalization, there is a rise in smart ways to secure credit cards. Unfortunately, the same globalization has aided fraudsters to come up with more smart ways to commit their credit card skims. Online Dating Scams Once they have your information, they can send emails or pop-up messages, pretending to be your financial institution so that you can give them your personal details. With your email address, or phone number, they can pretend to be your financial institution to get you to reveal your information. If they have your home address, they can change it and divert your bills and bank statements to another address. Never post personal information and details on dating websites. Do not share any personal information with anyone, however safe you feel it might be. It is wise to get to know someone before giving them your cell phone number and other contact details. Keep a log of all chat sessions where possible, in case you need it in the future. Sometimes, the person is not the person in the photos. They upload pictures of models or friends providing fake descriptions. Scammers use established dating sites to get someone to send them money. By pretending wanting to marry someone, they obtain their passports and then get a divorce. Do not provide your surname, address, credit or debit card details, post code, fixed line telephone, or where you work in dating websites (Layton, 2006) Companies have revealed products that could significantly reduce online credit card fraud. This is great news for e-commerce companies. Technology is being used to screen new orders against many common fraud detection factors. They leverage common transaction records from companies. They look at their transaction history and review previous criminal activities. They can compare shipping addresses and billing addresses for new customers against their history. They look at the customers location history and compare it with the current location of the computer they are placing an order with. The tools can also sense any unusual ordering patterns of the customer. Social Security Administration Social security administration gives information to the public about its programs. The information they provide is diverse. For instance, they have proposed changes that should be made to the social security system. These changes are necessary because security needs keep changing. Social security administration has impact on economy, society, and populations. They give detailed demographic and financial information on beneficiaries and covered workers. This information is very private and vital. The government planners, policy makers, economists, actuaries and other social scientists use these products to analyze social security programs. Their activities have a huge effect nation. Agencies should stay informed of the information needs. Once they note the changes, they must create new data, models, and information products where needed. (Federal Trade Commission, 2006) This way they produce useful and relevant information policy to the people. It keeps abreast of the information needs through various means. They also review analytical and statistical publications to ensure that they stay relevant and timely. They identify requirements, prepare analytical reports and modify the current models. Sometimes, they are required to create new models to deal with new needs. Their dissemination of information process makes information broadly available and accessible to authorized parties. The information and presentations are always accurate, unbiased and reliable. It employs professional standards of methodologies in the surveys and implementation. Statistically sound procedures are used to compile information. Before the final report is released, information is edited and proofread. If an error has been found, it is corrected and posted. Information is secured from unauthorized access to make sure it is not compromised. The Government Information Security RReform Act requires it to place policies and programs to secure its resources. If any sensitive information gets into the wrong hands, it may compromise a lot of people. It is vital to ensure very tight security of information (Finklea, 2009). Ecommerce Merchants The Internet provides anonymity, thus letting anyone access it from anywhere. It is a great thing and yet a bad one for e-commerce merchants. These merchants are involved in transactions with various people every day. Thus, they must practice some things to help reduce the rate of credit card frauds. Before considering utilizing payment gateways for your credit card transactions, it is important to inquire from the provider about their screening features. These gateway providers offer a protection to some degree. They compare billing details to those held by cardholders bank. Consider further screening strategies when using offline payment facilities. Consumers like privacy. Their credit card security lies in the hands of the merchants. The clients also value fast checkout processes. (Henderson, 2000) Keeping them too long with many questions may discourage them. Still, it is important to gather sufficient customer identity details during the process of ordering. Include information regarding the IP address of the individual placing the order in the order process. IP address is issued to a user each time they are logged on to the Internet by the Internet service provider. A unique identifier can be traced using free tools. Check if an order has a billing address of a location and the IP originates in another location. This may indicate that it is a fraud. Fraudsters can forge an IP address. Search for a number of declined transactions at the time the order is made. There will be various names and cards within a few minutes, but with a common IP. This is because fraudsters use credit cards immediately after they obtain them. On the other hand, some cardholders cancel their cards early enough. Therefore, fraudsters may have to try many detail sets before finding one that is still active. Fraudsters use fake emails. Some online businesses insist on getting a customers ISP or business email address before processing an online order. They refuse primary point contacts that are free email address services (Finklea, 2009). It is important to obtain a telephone contact number of the purchaser. They give out fake numbers. Check the phone details of the customer from the directory. There are softwares that identify the exact origin of the fraudster. Overseas orders are risky but profitable. It is a high risk transaction. Once you get extremely large orders, do some further investigation, especially if the customer is new. Follow up by calling relevant credit card companies when in doubt. High value items require photo identification. Visual anti-fraud policies minimize crime. It is important to use them on your site. Third party security and bold notices stating your position on fraud discourage some frauds. It will also demonstrate to the customers that security is taken seriously. Look for any other indicators of fraud and investigate them to get an accurate picture. E-commerce merchants need to join the fight to help protect their clients (Rapp, 1991). Conclusion Debit and credit card fraud takes place when someones credit or debit card information is used to obtain information without their authorization. Credit cards that use an embedded microchip make it more difficult for anyone else to access the data in the card. This chip technology has been tested and proven. They are becoming popular worldwide to enhance security. Investments and training on security networks continue to be made to monitor and investigate incidents that seem suspicious. Clients are protected from unauthorized use of their credit cards by their card providers. Law enforcement agencies are actively involved in protecting people from credit card frauds. Despite these efforts, there are precautions that credit card holders can take to reduce their risk of becoming a victim of fraud (Montage David, 2004). How to Evade Credit Card Fraud To avoid being a victim, here are further precautions people can follow to protect themselves: Make sure that you sign your credit and debit cards immediately they get to you. In addition, store and carry all your cards detached from your wallet. In case you lose your wallet, you will still have your credit cards with you. These cards can be carried in a small pouch, a zipped compartment or a business card holder. Another measure is to keep a record of all account numbers. Keep them together with their expiry dates. (Henderson, 1986) Noting them down and storing them ensures that in case of anything, you can countercheck them. Phone numbers and addresses of each company should be recorded and kept in a safe place. Do not lose them. Make sure you have an eye on your card during the time you are making the transaction. This is because someone may snatch it when you are not looking. Ensure that you get it back as soon as possible, too. You may forget it on the counter otherwise. (Maurer , 1974) It is good to void the receipts that are not correct and destroy all the carbons. Another step is to keep the receipts well. You might need them to verify something later. Do not throw them away. Compare them with your bill when it arrives. Sometimes, you may experience overcharge or strange charges you did not make. Open your bills very punctually so that you can notice any problem in time. Bring together your accounts every month to see if all your purchases are the only bills you get. Report any questionable charges you notice to the authority and your card issuer in writing. (Kaminski, 2004) There are also things one should never do with a credit card. For instance, do not lend your card to anyone no matter how much you think they can be trusted. These people may get your information from it and misuse it. Also, do not leave it lying around unattended. Do not sign any vacant receipts. When you do sign one, draw a line throughout any empty space over the total. Never write your account number on the outside of an envelope. Never write it on a postcard either be cause anyone might access it. In addition, do not give out your account number to anyone over the phone unless you are sure you are speaking to a company you already know is reputable and trust. If you are not sure about a company, check it out with your area consumer protection office or business bureau. If you ever lose your credit card, or realize that it has been stolen or lost, immediately call your issuer. Many companies have toll-free numbers that deal with emergencies of this kind on a 24-hour basis. The minute you report the loss or theft, it means that you have no additional responsibility for unauthorized charges. (Swierczynski, 2003) You may be requested to sign a statement under an oath that you did not make the purchase in question, if you suspect scam. Credit card scam on the Internet is increasing even more than the credit card fraud these days (Vesper, 2000). It is more secure to enter a credit card number on a sheltered online order form than it is to give a credit card to a waiter at any restaurant nowadays. The waiter may write down your credit card number. The waiter may pretend to be you later. He/she may place orders using it on the phone. The tempo of fraudulent purchases made through cell phone is soaring than that of the credit fraud on the Internet. Still, it is advised to take safety measures when giving out any classified information (especially your credit card number). This can be over the Internet or through the phone. Buy custom Identity Theft-Credit Card Fraud essay

Religious figures Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Religious figures - Term Paper Example According to the History, Lord Mahavir was the last Tirthankara of the Jain religion. As per the Jain methodology all Tirthankaras were human beings. They acquired the status of perfection / enlightenment after passing through meditation and self realization. Hence, Jains consider themselves as the perfect human beings. They do not either accept God as their creator, protector and the destroyer of the Universe nor they believe in the destruction of demons (Nagaraja 43). Mahavira was born in 599 B.C. in the Bihar State of India in the King’s house. His followers celebrate his birthday each year as Mahavir Jayanti. The name given to him by his parents was Vardhaman. Being a loving son of his parents, he used to enjoy pleasures and comforts of life in a princely manner. When he attained the age of 30, he gave up all the pleasures of material world and left his family and the Royal abode for good in search of finding solution to the problems of common people and became Monk (Jain & Upadhye 36). After leaving the family and the Royal home, he spent his next 12 years in deep silence and meditation to get rid of the pleasures of life. He did not indulge in any activities that could be harmful for the animals and the birds. In some part of the mentioned period, he lived without food. He found himself quite calm and composed in the face of unbearable sufferings. Due to cited qualities, he earned the fame of Mahavir, which means brave and courageous. During said period, his spiritual power completely developed and comes to the stage of self realization. Such realization in the religion of Jain is known as keval jnana (perfect/enlighten) (Jain & Upadhye 39).   Soon after completion of self realization exercise, Mahavir spent another 30 years of his life to travel in the length and width of India barefooted. During this period, he used to teach people about the truth that he realized. He appraised the people how an individual can enjoy freedom from the cycle of bi rth, pain, misery, life and death and to achieve the state of bliss for good. This state of bliss is known as nirvana or moksha (Nagaraja 54). According to the beliefs of Mahavir, under the influence of karma, the soul becomes greedy of worldly pleasures (personal belongings and possessions). In his view, worldly pleasures make an individual self centered resulting in more and more amassing of karmas.  He used to preach the right faith, right path and good conduct, which played decisive role in freeing the soul from the clutches of karma (Winternitz 107). We cite here three major events of the life of Mahavir a) Conception (Chyavana), an event when his mother conceived him in her womb b) after conceiving him in womb, the mother had fourteen dreams, but as per the belief of Digambar, they were sixteen dreams and c) his birth was the memorable event for his mother and the family alike. According to the belief of Mahavir’s followers, soon after his birth, the King of Heaven to ok him to the Mount of Meru and celebrated his birthday. The most important event in his life was when he gave up all worldly materials in his possession and took refuge in the ascetic order (Jain & Upadhye 47). The ages of darkness in the life of mankind, gave birth to three great religions namely Islam, Christianity and Judaism. The mentioned religions are deep rooted religions. The said religions made its inroads in the Old Testament patriarch. Abraham used to teach their followers about one God and no more (known as Ibrahim in Islam), was said

The Continuum From Legitimacy to Fraud Research Paper - 2

The Continuum From Legitimacy to Fraud - Research Paper Example The main Research methods include quantitative, mixed methods, and qualitative approaches methods. The criteria of choosing a research method depend on the decisions on questions to be answered and data type required (Stangor, 2011). A research considers various aspects like the person who will collect data, place of data collection and data the researcher seeks to collect. Other factors considered in the selection criteria are; methodology to be used and data analysis type. The method of research selected should answer the questions and be in line with the methodology (Cozby, 2009). Quantitative research involves deductive and pivots in a hypothesis that is recognized prior to the research. Qualitative research involves inductive and needs no hypothesis formulation for the research. A mixed research method comprises the use of both quantitative and qualitative method (Zikmund, Babin, Carr, & Griffin, 2010). Quantitative Research Method This research considers a general case then mov es towards a specific case. This method considers a probable cause of a problem and anticipates validating its effect. The cause and effect factor depends on the strength of variables relationship. If the variables are strongly related, the relationship of cause and effect becomes highly probable (Cozby, 2009). An example of this method is a research to evaluate the differences in use of websites carts of shopping and online consumer purchasing behavior. General Cause The general cause involves the purchasing habit of internet customers who put commodities in the shopping carts that are online. However, these shoppers do not complete several purchases. Analysing this behavior varies from the purchasing habit of online shoppers who never use shopping carts to hold commodities they never purchase. Specific Effect The specific effect comprises of internet shoppers who routinely put commodities in their online shopping carts but do not accomplish the purchase, and are 75% more probable to revisit the same websites late complete the purchase within a week. Research Finding Holding the contents in the internet-shopping cart for 10 days when a shopper goes offline, prior to finishing a purchase, is favorable business and implies a high possibility of potential purchases by that customer on the same website. Hypothesis This is a guess in a statement or a query form, which a research attempts to answer. A quantitative research has two-hypotheses. Null hypothesis (Ho) is where a researcher does not anticipate the guess to be true. In the end of the research, the researcher will scrutinize the data collected in order to either acknowledge or reject the negative hypothesis. Testing a hypothesis is the confirmation of the assumption or the hypothesis. In the alternative hypothesis, (Ha), a researcher supposes the guess is true. When a researcher rejects the null hypothesis, it implies that the alternative hypothesis might be accepted. This means likelihood that the data er ror that would make the Ha not true is reasonably minute by scientific standards. There is no absolute hypothesis testing in any quantitative research (Stangor, 2011). From the example, on the online study: Ho = Online buyer who puts commodities in the cart prior to leaving the website is more probable to revisit and complete a transaction than online buyers who do not put commodities in their cart, but also return to the website.  

For and against the use of vaccination

For and against the use of vaccination I am no longer trying to dig up evidence to prove vaccines cause autism. There is already abundant evidenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦This debate is not scientific but is political (Ayoub, D. (2006).Using your knowledge of immunology, discuss the arguments for and against the use of vaccination. Vaccination has become an extensively useful strategy for the prevention of infectious disease and continues to be one of the most successful health interventions and remains one of societys best healthcare investments (ref). Never in the history of human progress, wrote the pathologist Geoffrey Edsal, Has a better and cheaper method of preventing illness been developed than immunisation at its best (ref). The mainly ambitious aim of vaccination is eradication of the disease. This has been achieved for smallpox; the eradication of polio is being attempted and there has been a dramatic downward trend in the incidence of most of the diseases against which vaccines are currently used. The incidence of the invasive disease Haemophilus influenza, which causes bacterial meningitis in children has decreased in the United States of America by an impressive 99%, sby introducing the vaccine in 1988 (ref). Children born in the U.S. are fully vaccinated from the age of 1 years old to adolescence, saving approximately 33,000 lives and an estimated 14 million infections (ref). However, as long as any focus of infection remains in the community, the main effect of vaccination will be the protection of the individual against the disease (ref). The success of a vaccination programme relies not only on the development and use of vaccines themselves, but also on an understanding of the epidemiologic aspe cts of disease transmission (ref).Vaccination aims to prime the adaptive immune system to the antigens of a particular microbe so that a first infection induces a secondary response. The principle of vaccination is simple; to induce a primed state so that on first contact with the relevant infection, a rapid and effective secondary immune response will be mounted, leading to prevention of disease. Vaccination depends upon the ability of lymphocytes, both B and T cells, to respond to specific antigens and develop into memory cells, and therefore represents a form of activity enhanced adaptive immunity (ref).In 1999, the Centres for Disease Control (CDC) and the American Academy of Paediatrics (AAP) requested that vaccine makers should remove a organomercury compound called thiomersal from vaccines (ref). This was phased out of the United States of America and European vaccines, except for some preperations of influenza vaccine (ref). The CDC and the AAP decided that there was no harm in exercising caution, even if it did turn about to be unwarranted, however the actions sparked confusion and controversy which result in the diversion of attention and resources away from the efforts to determine the causes of autism (ref). Child vaccines which contained the thiomersal was alleged to contribute to autism (ref), however in 2004 the Institute of Medicine (IOM) committee rejected any causal relationship between autism and thiomersal-contain ing vaccines (ref). However the incidence of autism increased steadily despite the removal of thiomersal from childhood vaccine (ref). thiomersal exposure has not been accepted as a factor in causing autism (ref). Immunisation safety is a real concern because all vaccines may cause side effects. Both healthcare workers and patients need reminding that immunisation is an induced controlled stimulus to the immune system, so therefore some adverse reactions can be expected. Most of the reactions however, are transient and mild. Immunisation safety concerns have existed since the day of the first available vaccine. Since the introduction of Jenners cowpox vaccine, the benefits of saving children from tragic outcomes of common diseases outweigh the risks of perceived adverse events following immunisation. Immunisation safety concerns are different from concerns about other medical interventions because they are administered to generally healthy individuals and the tolerance of adverse events following immunisation is subsequently lower compared to adverse events following medication for an existing illness (ref). The success of immunisation programmed depends on the public confidence in their safety despite the side effects vaccines may cause. Concerns about immunisation safety often follow a pattern: a medical condition is suggested as an adverse effect of the vaccination, then a premature announcement is made of the alleged effects which then results in several years to try and regain the publics confidence in the vaccine (ref). Vaccination in the United Kingdom became widespread in the ear;y 1800s after the work by Jenner (ref). Vaccination acts were brought in to force to encourage vaccination and it was made mandatory that all infants in 1853 were vaccinated (ref). Refusal to have the vaccinations received the highest penalty resulting in a prison sentence (ref). The relationship between the British State and its citizens significantly changed, causing a public backlash. In 1867, a law extended the requirements to the age of 14 years old, however, opponents focused in 1898 on it causing an infringement of individuals freedom, which resulted in a law allowing for conscientious objection to compulsory vaccination (ref). Compulsory vaccination policies at various times provoked opposition from people who believe that the government should not be infringing on individuals freedom to choose what medications they take, even if this increases a risk of disease to themselves and others (ref). Some vaccine critics claim that public health has never had any benefits from vaccination (ref). They argue that any reduction on communicable diseases, which were rampant in conditions where overcrowding, poor sanitation, poor diet and an almost non-existent hygiene existed, reduced due to the changes in the conditions excepting vaccination (ref). Others dispute that vaccines only give a temporary immunity and therefore boosters are required, whereas those who have survived the disease develop a permanent immunity (ref). Children who have survived diseases such as diphtheria go on to develop a natural immunity which will remain longer than any immunity developed by the vaccination (ref). Some critics argue that the benefits of reducing the mortality rates among the general population outweigh all health risks associated to older or weaker adults (ref). Vast improvements have been made to public health (ref). Despite vaccines causing side effects and immunisation safety is a real concern, public attention shifts away from the risks as the success of the immunisation programme increases (ref) and the incidence of disease decreases (ref). However health authorities are finding it challenging to preserve public support for the vaccination programmes (ref).The rate in diagnosis of autism has had a worldwide increase (ref) , driven by the broadened diagnostic criteria and increased awareness concerns have been fuelled that vaccines might cause autism (ref). Theories for this alleged association have mainly centred on the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR vaccine (ref). however, studies in biology and epidemiology have failed to support these claims (ref). The MMR vaccine in the United Kingdom was the subject of controversy, when a paper was published in The Lancet in 1998. The paper written by a Gastroenterologist Dr Andrew Wakefield et al, reporting a small study of 12 children, whom mostly with autism spectrum disorders with sudden onset after administration of the Vaccine (ref). During a 1998 press conference, Andrew Wakefield suggested that it would be safer to give children the vaccine in three separate doses rather than a single vaccination. This suggestion was never supported by the paper and subsequent peer-reviewed studies failed to find any association between the autism and the vaccine (ref). In 2001 and 2002, the controversy grew momentum. In 2001 26% of family doctors felt that the government had failed to prove that there was no link between autism and the MMR (ref). By 2002, over 1257 stories were published (ref). The confidence in the MMR fell as a result of the scare, from 59% to 41% (ref). A survey of 366 family doct ors in the United Kingdom in 2003, reported that 77% would recommend giving the child the MMR vaccine, even if there was a close family history of autism (ref). In the same study an extremely small number, 3% of the family doctors thought that autism could sometimes be the caused by the MMR vaccine (ref). A similar survey (ref) found that confidence in the MMR had been increasing over the previous two years (ref). Most of the UK National Health Service doctors only had the combined vaccine and those who did not want to give their children the combined vaccine had to pay for the separate vaccines or not vaccinate their children (ref), which added to the controversy of the MMR. Tony Blair, who was the Prime Minister at the time, strongly supported the vaccines stating the vaccine was safe (ref mmr vaccine). However, on several occasions Tony Blair would refuse on grounds of personal privacy whether his son had received the vaccine, in contrast the now immunised (ref), The risks of children catching the disease while waiting for the full immunisation coverage decreases with the administration of the combined vaccine instead of separate vaccines (ref). The combined vaccines two injections cause the children less pain and distress, rather that the six injections required by the separate vaccines, and there is the likelihood of some being delayed or missed due to extra clinic visits (ref). Vaccination uptake had significantly increased in the UK when the MMR became available in 1988 (ref mmr vaccine). Health professionals have heavily criticised media coverage of the controversy from triggering a decline in vaccination rates (ref mmr). MMR vaccination compliance dropped significantly after the controversy began in the UK, from 92% in 1996 to 84% in 2002. In 2003, in some London boroughs, it was a low as 615, which is far below the rate needed to avoid an epidemic of measles (ref). The incidence of the three diseases increased significantly in the UK (ref). 56% cases of measles were confirmed in the 1998, this increased over the years and in 2006, 449 cases were reported in first five months of the year (ref)m and the first death since 1992, these cases occurred in children who were inadequately vaccinated (ref). In 1999, cases of mumps began to rising after years of very few cases and by the year 2005, there was a mumps epidemic with nearly 5000 notifications in January 2005 alone (ref). Disease outbreaks also caused casualties in nearby countries. In Ireland an outbreak in 2000 resulted in 1500 cases and 3 deaths, all as a result of the decrease vaccination rates following the MMR controversy (ref) Measles was declared an endemic in the UK in 2008 for the first time in 14 years. A population of susceptible children who would spread the disease was created following the low MMR vaccination rates (ref). MMR vaccination rates amongst English children have remained unchanged in 2007-08, a level to low to prevent another serious measles outbreak (ref). It later emerged that Andrew Wakefield had not informed the medical authorities or colleagues that he had received funding from litigants against vaccine manufacturers (ref). Wakefield has been heavily criticised for instigating a decline in the vaccination rates and medically (ref) especially on the way the research was conducted ethically (ref) The Sunday Times in 2009 reported that patient data was manipulated by Wakefield and misreported the results in his 1998 paper, creating the appearance of a link between autism and the MMR (ref). A systematic review of 31 scientific studies by the Cochrane Library in 2005 concluded that there is no credible evidence to support any links between Autism and the MMR vaccine, and that the MMR is necessary in the prevention of disease with carries the potential rick of complication and even death in some cases (ref). The report also highlighted that the lack of confidence in the MMR has damaged public health and that the design and reporting of the safety outcomes was largely inadequate (ref). Ensuring the safety of vaccination is a major component of the national immunisation programmes of most countries. A major part of this effort is surveillance, and scientific studies about the possible occurrence of adverse events following immunisation. Although a number of vaccine safety studies is increasing, this is not in response to any evidence about the true safety of vaccines, but in response to the increasing number of new vaccines being used and the complex nature of these vaccines. A number of vaccine safety studies have been conducted or are in progress, some in reaction to the climate of concern, some carried out proactively and others as part of ongoing surveillance. However, because the number of safety-orientated studies is increasing, one should be aware that this fact in itself could contribute to the concern. The internet has increasingly become a powerful means of international communication and an almost inexhaustible source of information, capable of playing an influential role in both the positive and the negative sense. It represents a direct and efficacious tool to spread a positive message and to stress the health benefits, economic attractiveness and safety of vaccination. However, inaccurate, misleading or simply wrong information regarding potential side effects or dangers of vaccination spreading through the internet exacerbates worries about vaccine safety and may cause parents to postpone or refuse vaccination of their children. A wide range of issues concerning vaccine safety is being taken up by anti-vaccination groups as well as by other groups whose concerns may reflect local customs, or religious, political or other beliefs. Anti-vaccination lobbies have also understood the possibilities of the internet can be exploited and could strengthen their means to campaign against vaccination. This is demonstrated by the occurrence of a multitude of specific websites heavily relying on emotional appeal while proclaiming a message that undermines the benefits of vaccination. Vaccine scares continue to have an impact on immunisation coverage. To respond to this challenge, there is a need to develop vaccine communication strategies that provide a balance between evidence-based information and advocacy and lobbying activities. Furthermore, compiling independent, international reviews of vaccine safety issues is required, together with relevant statements from authoritative neutral expert groups. This should be done within a strong international collaboration, with direct, early and clear statements agreed on by authorities and other key parties, preceding public communications. Creating a positive environment for immunisation can be achieved by supporting evidence-based information thus repositioning the importance and value of vaccines and vaccination. This will ultimately ease the task of health care decision makers, especially in developing proactive communication strategies to deal with crises that have a potentially negative impact on vaccine coverage, and consequently on the health status of children. Loss of public confidence in vaccination is one of the greatest threats to public health and must be addressed by local, national and international bodies, pooling resources, to prepare for possible issues that might be taken up by anti-vaccination groups or the media. The health care community should actively promote, and personally recommend, the benefits and safety of vaccination in language that is readily and easily understood by the targeted audience.

How Far Should a State Have a Right to Monitor the Actions of People Within Its Borders?

The state should monitor the actions of people within its borders if such actions pose a threat to the national security. A nation's security is of an utmost importance to a country as it ensures the survivability of a country. It is with this reason that the government should have a right to monitor the actions of the people within its borders. This refers to individuals who engage in terrorist activities with the aim of conducting terrorist attacks in the country to instill fear in others. E. g. In Singapore, the government monitored the actions of Mas Selamat when the police received tip off of his plan to bomb the Singapore Changi Airport in 2002, where he was eventually arrested. The state should have a right to monitor the actions of the people within its borders, especially during stressful times such as war; as long as its monitoring does not result in the violation of human rights. Possessing the highest power, the state has jurisdiction in virtually all areas that society h as to deal with. Hence, it does have the right to monitor the actions of people. In times of war, famine, disease and violent acts will arise. In such times, the general public is unable to control and detain the situation, thus requiring the intervention of a higher power. For example, the state should have the right to implement a curfew during a war. This helps keep the people safe and reduces the chance of a violent protest or riot that may result in more deaths. Eg: During the 2010 clash between the red shirts and the yellow shirts in Thailand, the state intervened and imposed a curfew to monitor the actions of the Thais. This action has prevented more deaths and kept the people safe. Thus, the state should intervene in times of war to help control the situation. Government should not have the right to monitor actions of people when it comes to choosing one's life partner. Individuals should be given the freedom to decide with whom they would want to spend the rest of their lives with. If the government were to interfere in this issue, it would go against the basic human rights of freedom of choice. However, the state should not intervene when it violates human rights. The purpose of the state monitoring is to benefit the people; however when the state crosses the line and invades the privacy of people, this right should be revoked. Eg: the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) in America has the authority to monitor anyone without the person legally consenting to it. This has resulted in the unhappiness of Americans and resulting in Americans losing faith in their legal system. Thus, the state should have a right to monitor the actions of people when in dire situations such as war but not at the expense of the privacy of people.

The Secret Details Regarding Course Work That People Do Not Know About

The Secret Details Regarding Course Work That People Do Not Know About Coursework writing is a fundamental assignment for higher classes, which is intended to create a better comprehension of subject. A zoology coursework is intended to be assigned for much better comprehension of the subject. Such writing companies help students score superior grades as crazy tone assignments place an incorrect impression. On the flip side, students who write excellent thesis discover that it's straightforward to compose excellent papers. You are able to choose the examination in centers around the nation. Nonetheless, the center is well known for being a multi-cultural affair where students get to find out more about different cultures. Adult education is available almost all over the Earth, therefore it's no surprise you're able to come across adult education courses in Washington DC. The above mentioned are a few of the more important expectations that students have from their digital marketing and advertising training. Standard class attendance is crucial as it requires discipline, time management abilities and enhances critical thinking abilities to each student. The student must make the best decision which most suits his profile and future career aspirations. The students score low marks since they submit low excellent work. Details of Course Work A round of miniature golf appeals to just about anyone who would like to play an intriguing game with a mixture of easy and hard holes. If you have trouble with the class, attempt to acquire help. Decide upon what you would like and check that the course that you're taking will provide what you're searching for. Decide whether you wish to construct an indoor or outdoor course before searching for an acceptable property. Today everyone wants to earn more money but few folks have time for second jobs. Most people today see the entire tree in a couple of glances. After high school, often it happens that people have to have a pass on attending college for several of factors. Most people somehow fail to complete their class since they did not attend regularly. Since it supplies you the tools to check upon when it's required! The training regime covers anatomy, medical terminology, physiology, and numerous laboratory procedures. You read the material, learn what things to do, and use the strategies online. In many instances, specific entry requirements through exams might also be required. In many instances, the program work isn't simple to grasp. The variety of cases beneath the mean in a standard distribution is equivalent to the range of cases over the mean, which make the mean and median coincide. It's not mandatory to enroll and attend the class but if you would like to fully grasp why su ch policies exist and why there's a demand for you to obey the rules and regulations being imposed, attendance is crucial to reach your target. Simply take the gear your course work taught you you will have to have on board, along with the items suggested by the firm. On the flip side, Chinese on-line course providers make usage of more structured audio-visual displays. The college partners with industries to make certain that students attain knowledge that's relevant in the modern competitive world. If you intend to start the company at home then it is essential that person should submit an application for the Post Office number as well so the customers can readily get in touch with them without any trouble. The Argument About Course Work Studying abroad at decent universities with courses to coordinate with your profile is an excellent choice. There are particular states which do not demand particular courses from homeschoolers. You should likewise be able to pay a non-re fundable college training course. In Colleges and Universities, you're competing with the smartest students from all over the state. In the instance of a non-credit class, you will not find a degree. Typically someone with a diploma or A.S. in Nursing is going to be in a position to earn their own Bachelor's, either on the internet or from a more conventional campus based program. An individual can go for the traditional MBA programs or secondary level. Students who intend to continue their education and get a Master's degree will want to meet language requirements by taking two decades of a foreign language.

Positive Psychology A Brief History, Critics,...

Running Head: APPLICATIONS OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 3 Positive Psychology: A Brief History, Methodology, and Application 1. Introduction 1.1. A Brief History The genealogy of positive psychology established its roots in the development of humanistic psychology in the mid-20th century. The more traditional approaches of modern psychology as developed by Freud and B. F. Skinner, respectively, are psychoanalysis, and behaviorism. One theory may suggest that the shift of the American labor movement from an industrial-based to a cognitive-cultural economy created the need for a more capable worker. As manufacturing and factory-style work diminished, sectors such as business, financial and personal†¦show more content†¦The field of positive psychology has greatly expanded the conversation regarding positive experiences, relationships and social systems. Increasingly, psychologists are including a focus on treatment which recognizes a person’s strengths, talents, and abilities comparably with their mental weaknesses and inadequacies. 2. Scientific Approach Research has greatly increased in scope and construct, creating a wide array of experimentation. According to Positive Psychology UK (2013), the goal of positive psychology â€Å"is to bring solid empirical research in areas such as well-being, flow, personal strengths, wisdom, creativity, psychological health, and characteristics of positive groups and institutions.† The research of positive psychology is produced on three principle levels – the individual level, the subjective level, and the group level. The focus of the subjective level is mainly concerned with the measurement of positive experiences such as well-being, happiness, optimism, flow, and joy. 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