The Gender Identity Of Young Women Constructed And...

How is the gender identity of young women constructed and communicated through self-representation on Instagram? Student ID: 200901452 Module Name and ID: Critical Issues in Media and Communication (COMM5135M) How is the gender identity of young women constructed and communicated through self-representation on Instagram? The question that our research project asked was ‘How is the gender identity of young women constructed and communicated through self-representation on Instagram?’ Through this question we also looked to answer the questions of how women perform and communicate their femininity through and what are the gender stereotypes created by magazines that are reproduced by women on social media. This essay will look at is why this research is important and how this research was conducted, it will highlight some of the key results that were found during the research and what it could mean in terms of femininity in the modern day. It will also mention the shortcoming of the research conducted and the limitations of the research. There is more than one ‘self’, there is the ‘on stage’, ‘off stage’ and ‘back stage’ self. Each of these selves defines how a person might act depending on the situation. According to Goffman, the ‘ on stage’ and the ‘back stage’ are selves that require a performance, where one can control how they want to represent themselves and to an extentShow MoreRelatedRacism Is Still With Us3110 Words   |  13 Pagesracial group, for their self-respect, personal identity, social positions, racial pride, intergroup relations, and ultimately how one should feel regarding their cultural heritage; with also keeping in mind the possibility of hostile racial encounters (Sanders-Thompson, 1994; Stevenson, 1995; Thomas and Speight, 1999; Hughes et al., 2006 Martin and McAdoo, 2007). Racial socialization messages are usually transmitted by parents. Racial socialization has been expressed through past research as something

Argument in college writing

This day makes us suspicious. Especially, our thoughts are always brought in question by the society, the teachers, friends, parents and, finally, by ourselves. Sure, there should be something that can turn over someones views and world outlook. Such a motive power actually exists, it is an argument. Exactly argument helps us to prove our thoughts and it has a great influence on our mind. Proving something to somebody is integral part of our life and college essay writing, the process which requires arguing time and again, is really inalienable part of our studies. Investigating in college writing should start from the definition of what college argument is. This concept of argument is based in the expectations of readers to see the reason, which will make them agree with precise thought. So, argument consists of few consecutive statements. It doesnt include just disagreeable disputes, but mostly kind of dialog with person whose thoughts are interesting and important to pay attention to. When we are writing a paper first of all we should not just express what we think, we should show our thoughts in such a way to make them clear, interesting and understandable to others. We should rouse the curiosity of our words among people. There is a wide-spread misunderstanding between students that they may express their opinions in any way they want, ignoring the main principle of argument. It doesnt mean that our private opinions are not important, but they should be supported by convincing proof. People must have grounds for accepting someones thought. The main aim of university is first of all to bring science in peoples thought. People shouldnt just express what they think; they should show and prove others that their ideas are mattered. Therefore, the argumentative paper should include two different points: the one for support and another to object. Only in this way the reader can choose whether agree or disagree with precise viewpoint. Thus, a comparison is the necessity for any decision to be taken. Sure we can not confirm that every our thought is absolutely right and each conclusion is complete. That is why we give people a possibility to choose whether they should agree or disagree with our point. So, as a conclusion we can state that an argument implies a conversation between people who want to find true basis. College education includes all those values. During the process of studying we gather information, do research and make decisions which influence our ability to evaluate, think and write to grow. So, our idea should be heard and proved. Thoughts we express should not be just simple information. They should be a palpable knowledge that can influence ones mind. In order to reach this goal we should be guided by a simple principle the principle of argument.

GCSE Dance Extended Notes Free Essays

string(158) " around in the circular pathway, I lurch forward at the build up of the dance making a fist with my hand, as here I wanted to include one of my dance motifs\." I chose this piece of music because of the clear-cut and established structure, which helped mark certain moments of my dance and distinguish each section from one an other. Instead of the background music being accompanied by actual words, after the main build up of the song a woman can be heard singing strange hypnotic noises. I think this compliments the idea of freedom in the second part of my dance, because now my persona is free of oppression they can express themselves in whatever way they want to, like the woman singing in the piece of music. We will write a custom essay sample on GCSE Dance Extended Notes or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is noticeable that before, and including the build up to the singing woman that the music is very repetitive. When played along to my dance, I thought it represented the monotony of a slave’s life. However, what could be also heard in the build up was a glimmer of endearing hope, because even though the music represented sadness, the tone stayed bright throughout. In the first section of the dace I wanted to show snippets of the slave’s usual day. I also wanted to keep the energy in the dance gentle and keep a minimum amount of strong energy in it. This is because I waned the audience to relate to the feeling of being confined and ordered around. Also, it mainly focuses on the idea of freedom being in the form of hope inside the personas head, rather than freedom being expressed in movements which would be associated with such an idea. I begin at centre stage on the floor curled up in a ball to symbolise the small space the slave is kept in, then ease myself of the floor in a swift manner, keeping my head in front of the rest of my body. This shows the audience that the slave is being dragged out of bed in a hostile manner. I began to inject the fear the slave has on their master into the dance by covering my face with my hands, as one would usually do if they are trying to hide or if they are anticipating physical aggression. I start to travel to downstage right taking large strides and stumbling with every step to show the slave being pushed towards the fields to work. I kept the levels in which I was performing low which emphasises the slave’s inferiority when compared to their master. After three or so strides I immediately begin to use a repeated gesture, which gives the impression of the slave being forced into labour on the field. I right raise my left arm and when that arm reaches its peak height I bring my opposite arm up in the air to meet and bring them back down towards the ground whilst lurching forwards. This represents the slave working in a field with some sort of tool, which I envision to be a tool for picking at soil. In addition, the heavy lurch forward helps me to symbolise the constant presence of oppression. For the part in the first section where the slave tries to retaliate, I wanted to use movements which would put importance on the levels used in this particular section. This is because it defined the relationship between the slave and their master, and this was especially important as the audience could not see the master’s actions for themselves-this had to be portrayed in the movements of the slave. In this moment in the dance the slave tries to fight for freedom. I use gestures such as a clenched fist to show my persona is willing to fight oppression, and rise on the tip toes to create a high level, which symbolises rising against the master. However, I soon cover my face with my hands again and leap backwards in recoil as the slave is overcome with the power of the master. After unsuccessfully trying to stick up of oneself, the slave drops to the floor, to a low level. This new level, lower than the audience has seen the slave before helps to emphasise how lowly the slave is thought of by themselves and their master. I then raise my arms and then bring them back down to my chest resting my flat palms against the other, and this represents the hope the slave still feels even after being beaten by their master. I keep my body shape compressed into an angular shape whilst lying down on the floor, which shows my persona resting before quickly reaching up with their hands to the sky but then being pushed back down to the floor. I repeat this movement several times to convey the idea of perseverance coming from the slave. I also included some movement pieces such as twisting my body around so my stomach faced upwards, and also sliding my body across the floor. After these movements I swivel around into a kneeling position and clench my fists again and then punch them into the floor below me. This is again to convey perseverance and to let the audience understand, the slave has not given up their fight for freedom. The transition from section A to section B is very clear as the music transforms into a free drifting melodic chime with violin ___ in the foreground. Here, in this transaction, is where I tried to convey the journey to emancipation. I used a lot of space in this travelling sequence by running around in a circular pathway, because I wanted to show the slave trying to break free of their master’s strict reign. Whilst running through my circular pathway, I held my right arm out to convey the idea of the slave trying to make the most of the new found space around them. In section B I wanted to mainly use movements that symbolised freedom instead of the daily routines of the slave. After running around in the circular pathway, I lurch forward at the build up of the dance making a fist with my hand, as here I wanted to include one of my dance motifs. You read "GCSE Dance Extended Notes" in category "Papers" For another one of my movements I stand on my tip toes and make a v shape with my arms to represent my persona basking in the space all around them. I have experimented with a number of movements in the next parts of the dance, because I wanted to show that my persona is free to try out new things and be themselves. I leap onto the floor which is supposed to represent a giddy action of joy and then soon return to a standing position. I further try new moves which the audience hasn’t seen before. For example, I bend into a hunched position and then jump whilst swinging my arms past my legs. I finish the dance with a final lurch forward and repeat one of my dance motifs with a raising of my arms in a v shape. Key positions 1. Fighting- This position is very varied through my dance throughout my whole dance, and can consequently go unnoticed just like the inner strength of a person-which can’t always be seen by others. The position represents the perseverance of my persona, and their unwillingness to give up fighting oppression. In section A of the dance, this position can be seen when my persona stands up to their master and also when they are crouching down on a low level and they slam their fists down to the floor. I wanted to use this a reminder that even though my persona has been beaten many times, they are not going to give up their search for freedom. Prayer- This position also varies throughout the dance to show hope and faith, and this also ties with my first motif 3. Freedom- This is my main motif which has been developed with different levels and dynamics. The main meaning of this position is the act of embracing freedom. I performed this gesture relatively weakly in terms of dynamics, in section one. The reason for this was because my persona, the slave couldn’t fully embrace freedom under the rule of a master. To make this move effective in the first section, I used a range sad facial expressions in order to increase my projection to the audience. It was important, this movement stood out to the audience as it fully represents one of the fundamental ideas behind my dance idea whim is emancipation. In the final section, this movement is seen very differently. For example, the pace in which the movement is performed is quicker and at times, at a higher level. For example, when the music reaches is climax and I break into the freedom movements; I rise up on my tip toes performing the movement with a strong energy. This is because I wanted to show the audience how exhilarating freedom feels my persona. Also, I wanted the developed motif to juxtapose against the one I used in the first section. Evaluation I decided to create my dance around the original motifs I came up with, these were mainly gestures which represented frustration, desperation, hope and of course, freedom. The movement materials I came up with next derived from my original starting point which was the diary of a slave who was involved in the West Indian Slave Trade. Once I was happy with my ideas I listened to the music I intended to dance to and let my mind create possible moves in the dance. I interpreted my music to have three sections, the first is the base, the second is the build up and the final section I labelled the pinnacle part of the piece. I fit this in with my dance having the first section as the one where my persona is being oppressed and calling this section A, having the second section of the music transform into a transition between the previous section and the one to follow, and finally having the last section of the music as my section B, where the slave is at last emancipated. I think the movements I used in section A informed the audience of my dance idea more than the movements in section B. I think this because, in section A, I used more realistic movements whereas in section A my dance material was more towards the abstract spectrum in order to communicate the feeling and idea of freedom rather than what one might do if they were free. This was effective in my point of view, because it broke up the dance and I thought it was refreshing to watch a piece that was both slightly surreal and realistic at the same time. It also kept my imagination flowing as I was never bored when concocting the next part of my dance, as I could use a new or different dance technique that I had not used before. I was very pleased with how section A turned out, because I think it communicated the hardships of being a slave, and already, so early in the dance I could see the personality of my persona coming through. I used all of my main movements in the beginning without crowding the first section or overcrowding other movements. Section B was a slight struggle for me as I wanted to use large, strong, dramatic movements but the ones I had created in my head were hard to physically perform. For example, the leaps I wanted to do were not doable in my range of skill. However, I overcame this by performing small leaps but with the maximum amount of energy I could exert into it. If I could work on this dance further I would love to explore my persona actual journey to emancipation in much more detail; I feel their story had to be cut short due to time and I think their is a lot more that could be told. Another reason for this is that I want to delve deeper into the hardships fighting for freedom brings, as I think I definitely skimmed over that aspect in my dance. Also, I would like to edit the music, as it is too long for my dance. Overall, I think I communicated the main idea of my dance clearly. Aided by my motif developments, I think the movements I used reflected the emotions of persona as well. How to cite GCSE Dance Extended Notes, Papers

International Business Financial Positions

Question: Discuss about the International Business for Financial Positions. Answer: As per the video Inside Story - Building BRICS, the BRICS nation will attract the major foreign direct investments in comparison to the western countries and emerge into the fastest growing economies in the world. BRICS is a platform of cooperation formed by the five fastest growing economies in the world. The members of this international forum are Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (Esposito, Kapoor and Mathur 2017). These nations should take the following steps to ensure that they maintain their distinct position in the international economy: Strengthen their Financial Positions: The BRICS countries of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa should strengthen their internal economic positions. Brazil is suffering from high poverty, corruption, depletion of natural resources and deforestation (Ferraro et al. 2015). An authoritarian government rules China and its economic progress has slowed down. India has a huge population and poverty but manages to maintain its growth. Russia is the richest country in the block but is limited by various agreements with the western nations. South Africa is the poorest among them and is political less stable. The BRIC countries in order to attract foreign investment should strengthen their internal economies. They should help each other in matters like free trade, lowering of tariffs, infrastructure development and so on. For example, India is friendly to foreign trade and attracts huge investments already. The consumer intensive market of the country attracts companies from the west and the Indian companies in turn have western subsidiaries. The members like India and Russia already have strong ties with nations like the USA, France and so on. They should attract use their powers to attract more FDI from these nations. IN fact, the poor members like Brazil and South Africa can benefit from the foreign ties of India and China. Strengthening their Internal Security: One of the most important points of discussion in the BRICS summit in New Delhi, India was international security and counter terrorism. The BRICS nation should help each other in strengthening counter terrorism mechanism and defence sectors. For example, Russia, a member is investing in the defence sector of another member, India. China, on the contrary is aligned with Pakistan, the nation which keeps on supporting cross border infiltration into India. This is likely to cause a rift between India and China. China should cooperate with India in guarding her boundaries against infiltration. Materialise Development Plans: The BRICS summit in New Delhi saw the members pledging to create alternative economic and trade infrastructures to compete with the west. The new development bank, credit rating agency and medical plans drawing inspiration from the traditional medicines of these nations were some of the plans decided. The members also spoke about trade in local currencies, eastern paradigm and trade agreements to facilitate smoother international trade between the BRICS nations were a part of the agenda. These countries should actually materialise these plans to prove their metal before the western world to attract foreign investments. The countries need to build energy efficient technological up graded sectors, that would help in sustaining the development of the economy. A sustained growth rate of the economy would be quite efficient in instigating an attraction of the foreign investors towards the countries. This would empower the countries to become more powerful and develop their internal enviro nment. Improve neighbour Relationship: Narendra Modi, the India Prime Minister called for a conference with the BIMSTEC nations after the BRIC summit on international trade cooperation. The leaders included leaders from nations like Myanmar and Thailand. The members like Brazil should hold talks to the South American nations to increase trade and economic support. This will also help the BRIC nations to appear more prominent and attract foreign investments (indianexpress.com 2017). These aspects would help in analysing various ways in which the flow of foreign direct investment could be instigated in the economy of BRICS. According to Dr Tarun Khanna, emerging markets are like swords with two edges, which provide both opportunities and challenges to entrepreneurial ventures. The entrepreneurs in these markets overcome the challenges in several ways. The opportunities provided by emerging markets are: New Emerging markets: The emerging markets in the developing and the developed nations are experiencing a lot of increase in production. These markets are benefitting from international trade agreements like BRICS where the entrepreneurs can sell their goods into new markets. Nations Encourage Entrepreneurial Development: The big emerging nations like India and China are booming global producers and consumers. These two countries have huge markets with increasing demand, which encourages entrepreneurship. These markets provide opportunities to young educated entrepreneurs to start ventures. Business groups like BRICS help in expanding the markets which encourage entrepreneurial ventures ( Khanna and Yafeh 2015). Sustainable Technology to Fill up Institutional Void: Dr Khanna stressed that institutional void exist even in the most developed markets of the west due to difference in technology and actual mode of transactions. The entrepreneurial efforts like Amul are filling a lot to fill institutional void (Gao, Jones and Khanna 2017). Such ventures give opportunities to smaller entrepreneurs like milk men to start business of their own and reap the profits of pooling productivity (Prasad and Satsangi 2013). The threats provided by the emerging markets are as follows: Heterogeneous Growth: Dr Khanna emphasised on the fact that entrepreneurial venture have not succeeded in filling institutional voids in all sectors. The success of Amul did not spread into the entire agricultural sectors like fruits and vegetable in spite of several efforts. The health industry has institutional voids, which result in high cost of treatment. The benefits of Narayana Hridayalaya did not spread into the government lost quality health care sector. This institution void impairs entrepreneurial ventures because of the need of huge capital. Scarcity of Fund: The biggest threat to entrepreneurial ventures is scarcity of funds. There are several multinational companies which allow entrepreneurs to start business with their products and provide them assistance. For example, Vodafone is helping many young entrepreneur to carry on their business by promoting use of Mpesa. Infrastructural Gap: Poverty, malnutrition and illiteracy is present in almost all the emerging markets like India. The people living in the interior areas like Madurai cannot start entrepreneurial venture or get job opportunities due to lack of internet access. The NGOs and several other organisations are working towards their education. The entrepreneurs face this lack of infrastructure by starting business ventures like providing mobile money applications (Bruton, Ahlstrom and Si 2015). Government Reforms: The government of these emerging nations should reform their laws in order to encourage new business ventures. The nations need to undergo socioeconomic reforms in order tp encourage new entrepreneurs. The big entrepreneurs like Curin and Devi Sethi help the small entrepreneurs to start their businesses to fill this institution void of the government. References: Bruton, G.D., Ahlstrom, D. and Si, S., 2015. Entrepreneurship, poverty, and Asia: Moving beyond subsistence entrepreneurship.Asia Pacific Journal of Management,32(1), pp.1-22. Esposito, M., Kapoor, A. and Mathur, D. 2017. What is the state of the BRICS economies?. [online] weforum.org. Available at: https://Will BRICS countries attract the worlds major foreign direct investment as compared to west? If yes what things these BRICKS countries must do to retain their unique postion in the global economy. [Accessed 6 Apr. 2017]. Ferraro, P.J., Hanauer, M.M., Miteva, D.A., Nelson, J.L., Pattanayak, S.K., Nolte, C. and Sims, K.R., 2015. Estimating the impacts of conservation on ecosystem services and poverty by integrating modeling and evaluation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,112(24), pp.7420-7425. Gao, C., Zuzul, T., Jones, G.G. and Khanna, T., 2017. Overcoming Institutional Voids: A Reputation-Based View of Long Run Survival. Granello, D.R., 2016.The BRICS countries: strides toward Greater Representation in international institutions(Doctoral dissertation, UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA). indianexpress.com. 2017. BRICS Summit 2016: Those who shelter, support, sponsor terror, as much a threat as terrorists. [online] Available at: https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/live-brics-summit-2016-goa-joint-declaration-pm-modi-lanka-president-sirisena-bhutan-bimstec-bangladesh-latest-updates/ [Accessed 6 Apr. 2017]. Khanna, T. and Yafeh, Y., 2015. Business groups in emerging markets: Paragons or parasites?.Review of Economics and Institutions,6(1), p.60. Prasad, R. and Satsangi, R., 2013. A Case Study of Amul Co operative in India in Relation To Organizational Design and Operational Efficiency.International Journal of Scientific Engineering Research,4(1), p.1.

Operating systems free essay sample

To achieve this they constantly push boundaries, define new standards and ensure continuous improvements in all parts of their business. The MIS can help further this goal by supplying the company with the relevant equipment needed to constancy improve themselves, MIS brings with it the ability to collect and even analyse certain data that may be relevant to the company’s aforementioned goals. An example of this would be data collected on customer feedback would be used to improve current product package whilst surveys done and analysed by the system could project the probability of new revenue sources, thus creating new line of product or services by the company. (Digi, unknown) The company has also set their mission as to deliver Internet for All as part of our commitment to building a connected Malaysia enabling access to Mobile Internet services and applications by offering customers the right combination of devices and value pricing, as well as the best usage experience (Digi, Unknown). We will write a custom essay sample on Operating systems or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page MIS helps this goal of Digi by allowing new hardware such as fibre optics and copper wires to be used not only by the company itself but also as a service that could be offered to the public, many internet connections are now using fibre optics as the medium because of its speed. The company’s MIS could help monitor these connections and the usage of each customer, so the company can better recommend a package to the consumer. Through MSI, companies can generate essential documents such as employee evaluations, financial reports, and other relevant business reports (unknown, unknown). Most listed companies publish their quarterly and annual financial reports on their website which is accessible to the public, this is not only in line with their obligations to publish such reports as a listed company but also to inform the public on the company’s financial wellbeing thus generating attracting more investors. It would also allow the management teams to evaluate performance of human resource and return on investments. A great example of this happening is when a company publish their quarterly or annual report, their stock price will either rise or lower according to the reports. Also in times of economic downturn, only the most consistent workers in the company will be kept, whereas those with low evaluations are the first to be laid off. The telecommunications industry being a service oriented industry relies heavily on its customers to generate revenue, being able to fix flaws and take into account customer feedback is very useful to the companies in this industry. The information gathered by the MIS can be used to gauge the company’s’ position or performance in the public eye; this could help the companies develop themselves further. This can be seen when companies markets or launch a new service or product, the package is usually tailored to fit the greatest amount of customers, as to guarantee the highest customer satisfaction. Therefore most of the packages offered by these companies are very similar in nature. However according to (Vitez, unknown), a disadvantage of the MIS is the ineffectiveness of it at times. MIS could be useful, but the system is only as good as its programmer and its users, a lack of knowledge or incompetent programmer may cause the MIS to reduce in effectiveness. A great example of a system error occurring with the MIS system is in Knight Capital – a mid-size financial firm. According to (Baumann, 2013) a code in the system had gone rogue before a trading day, when the opening bell was struck for the day, the company started losing $10 million a minute due to the system firing off trades, sources from within the company had predicted the company would become insolvent within an hour if the trades continued, the code was dug up within 45 minutes. However by then the damage was already done. This example shows that the MIS weakness is within the code itself. Implementing and modifications of a MIS is also a disadvantage because the expense is great, setting up and maintaining an effective MIS represents a significant portion of any companies expense, especially bigger organisations with many offices and spread out geographically, this leads to an even more expensive system to maintain. What more according to (Vitez, unknown), with new technological advances being made every day, upgrading hardware or even software for that matter will be a major expense to the company as well. In conclusion, there are both benefits and drawbacks to the MIS, it is entirely up to a manager as to how or whether or not he or she wants to implement or introduce such a system into the business. However as technology is advancing every day, the cost of setting up such systems are also decreasing with each step into the future. More and more companies are using advanced MIS to not only keep track of inventories and the like but also to project valuable proprietary information. Furthermore, as not all technological advances may be relevant to certain industries’’ MIS, it is also up to a manger whether or not to upgrade or modify existing systems. The main thing to take away is that the MIS is merely a tool, its ability is directly influenced by the person wielding the system, therefore as useful and important as a MIS is, certain jobs should never be automated.

buy custom Identity Theft-Credit Card Fraud essay

buy custom Identity Theft-Credit Card Fraud essay Recently, credit card fraud has been a serious problem in this world. Technology is so bloom currently; we usually shop online without going outside to purchase goods. What the intermediate we use to pay for the bill is by credit card. We have to fill in cardholders name, billing address, card number, and the most important item is security code. The security code is the key point to verify your credit card to go through the payment. Its impossible to use your card without that. However, some theft still can hack to your computer and record all of the information you fill in even the security code. Thus, some banks which issue credit card might use the newest technology, 3D verify, to protect the cardholders. In fact, Asia is full of fraud criminals that in almost every country. Especially in China and Taiwan, there are so many criminal groups doing credit card fraud to get money. I am from Taiwan, and I heard lots of news that all about credit card fraud, and I always buy stuff online, so I am afraid that my card might be stolen and used by the criminal group. As the result, I choose this topic to analyze and try to figure out what credit card fraud is and how to prevent it being stolen. Discussion There are some professional analyst who come up with some advices for credit card fraud, some technologist also do some innovation to protect the identity of credit card holders information, such as 3D verify. Im going to combine the information I found which wrote in introduction and the methods which can solve the credit card fraud. Moreover, I will come up with some idea for suggestion, even the ideas are still virtual, and maybe someday it will be used. Summary After all the research and finding, I will come up a conclusion for this research. By searching on internet and combine the news all together, there will be a most appropriate solution for this problem. Identity Theft Stealing millions of dollars from major retailers through identity theft is commonplace nowadays. Research shows that not all of those who have had their card number stolen have been identified by the officials yet. A lot of people are unaware that their identifying information has already been compromised. The most recent case is that of a person caught working as a confidential informant for a secret service and charged with computer fraud, access device fraud, wire fraud, aggravated identity theft and conspiracy. All these fraudulent acts were committed through stealing millions of credit and debit card numbers. By searching on the Internet and combining available information, one can come up with an appropriate solution for this problem. This paper details some of the suggestions on how to avoid being a victim of credit card fraud. To begin with, it is very important not to disclose your credit card information when you receive phone calls. Someone may call you and tell you there has been a 'computer problem' and they need you to verify information. Legitimate companies do not ask for credit card numbers over the telephone. Through my research, I came up safety tips to help cardholders. First, do not respond to emails asking you to provide your credit card information via email. Never respond to emails that request you to go to a website to confirm your personal (and credit card) information. These are scams known as phishing scams. Before providing your credit card information make sure the website you are about to log into is a secure one. Also, shred all the credit card applications you are given immediately. Do not leave your credit card and receipts lying around for others to see them. Shield your credit card number from everyone else because you can never be too sure who to trust. They may copy it or capture it with a phone or camera and use it for their own benefit. Update the stored information you have every time you get a new credit card. Do not carry any extra credit card you do not absolutely need to avoid losing them. Compare receipts with monthly bills and make sure there are no counterfei t charges in the credit card bills you receive. Destroy anything with your personal credit card number visible on it regularly. Do not lend your credit card to anyone you do not completely trust. If you move, notify your credit card issuer about the fact that you have changed your address (Hammond, 2003). Credit Card Fraud Thieves can go through trash and find discarded receipts or carbons. They use the account numbers written on them illegally. A clerk can make an extra imprint form in a persons credit or charge card. This clerk can use the number to make personal charges to his/her benefit. Sometimes, people respond to mailings asking them to call a long distance number for a free trip or bargain-priced travel package. They are then asked to first join a travel club and produce their account number to be billed. In reality, they never get their trip but have the charges added to their bill. Cardholders and issuers lose many hundreds of millions of dollar to credit and charge card fraud each year. They use peoples card numbers even without their knowledge. It is not completely possible to avoid credit or charge card fraud from happening. However, there are a few ways one can make it more difficult for crooks to capture their card or card numbers. These ways can decrease the possibility (Miller and Van dome, 2010). Government Involvement in Information Security Law enforcement officials often arrest suspects on charges related to credit card fraud, such as identity theft, computer fraud, credit card fraud and conspiracy. People steal millions of credit card numbers and financial information from the innocent. These characters aim for personal and financial information of normal citizens. They also target confidential and proprietary information of companies, especially those involved in e-commerce. Federal law enforcement agents cooperate with officials from various countries to arrest these fraud suspects. Investigations continue until those guilty of organized cybercrime are brought to justice The U.S. Department of Justice has made several arrests on charges of criminal copyright infringement in their operation Digital Gridlock. FBI and U.S. postal inspectors also announced that they made more than one hundred arrests in their operation Web Snare. Individuals have been accused of exchanging tutorials and information about identity theft and forgery. They have also been accused of trading sensitive personal and financial information. The charges include conspiring to commit identity fraud, trading emails with personal recognizing information, trafficking in credit numbers, and exchanging counterfeited and stolen identification files. They trade stolen credit card numbers and bank account information, credits cards, counterfeit passports, debit cards, drivers licenses, birth certificates, social security cards, college student ID cards, and health insurance cards. Identity fraud related charges have and continue to be made by the law. By going undercover, investigators have found out which sites are actively taking part in criminal conduct (Hayward, 2004). Information Security in Globalization Information economy and globalization have changed tremendously. Technology has advanced and so have the problems. Fraud has changed face with the development. However, there is nothing to link a fraud ring to any terrorist group. Several agncies have taken part in credit card fraud investigations. These agencies keep globalization in mind. Globalization has positive and negative implications on global and national security. Global market forces can generate a lot of wealth, thus giving a boost to economy. Unfortunately, where development is unequal, political tensions can be increased. The Internet has facilitated the spread of human rights throughout the world. It has also been used by individuals to disseminate information necessary for building weapons of terror. More states have access to fundamental technologies needed to make weapons of mass destruction because of the rising levels of industrial development. Open global market makes controlling traffic of weapons of mass destruction difficult. Whatever happens in one part of the world causes effects in the other. Information systems make the world of globalization happen and continue to remodel it. Nothing is what it used to be before. Large companies have the power to explore new ways to deal with the culture, norms, social values and local needs. China is testing national cyber defenses in its pursuit of cyber superiority. Its cyber warfare capabilities, far advanced than those of other countries, help it target both military and economic systems. The economy of a country depends on the safety and stability of its partner nations. Collaborator nations can lead to the rise or fall of a nation directly or indirectly. The world depends on some countries because they influence imports, human resource outsourcing, and information processing. If something negative happens in these countries, they are affected negatively as well. Interconnected economies create an environment with disadvantages. One or more infrastructure failures in a partner country can damage anothers stability. Global distribution of critical information and critical services is risky. It creates more opportunities for fraudsters to access, destruct and interrupt security of information. Security has become so intricate and multi-dimensional. Traditional national border-setting type of security insight is not capable of recognizing new threats that transcend the national borders. Terrorism has also become more complex and challenging with globalization. Global terror requires security cooperation among nations. Powerful states try to control the impact of globalization on terrorism. Globalized world faces international terrorism as a common enemy. Nations are much more connected and interdependent. This is a threat to the international security as a whole. Global terror is a problem for all human beings, and it has become even worse with the onset of globalization. The fight against terrorism has become a priority for all nations because it has acquired new characteristics. The nature and c ontent of terrorism keeps changing (Picker, 1986). States have taken measures to meet the challenges raised by development. Credit card cloning has also transcended borders in the era of globalization. Credit card companies continue to make higher-security credit cards. Chip-embedded cards cost more than magnetic strip ones. Credit card fraudsters use skimmers to capture the details of the credit card in the few seconds it takes to swipe a card through the machine. They download the captured information for whatever purpose without the knowledge of the cardholder. Some banking industries have come up with smart chips implanted in credit cards to secure the information stored in that the magnetic strip. Cardholders should be more careful these days. Credit card skimming discourages many consumers from making credit card purchases. Sophisticated counterfeiting technologies copy and use the information to reproduce counterfeit credit cards. With globalization, there is a rise in smart ways to secure credit cards. Unfortunately, the same globalization has aided fraudsters to come up with more smart ways to commit their credit card skims. Online Dating Scams Once they have your information, they can send emails or pop-up messages, pretending to be your financial institution so that you can give them your personal details. With your email address, or phone number, they can pretend to be your financial institution to get you to reveal your information. If they have your home address, they can change it and divert your bills and bank statements to another address. Never post personal information and details on dating websites. Do not share any personal information with anyone, however safe you feel it might be. It is wise to get to know someone before giving them your cell phone number and other contact details. Keep a log of all chat sessions where possible, in case you need it in the future. Sometimes, the person is not the person in the photos. They upload pictures of models or friends providing fake descriptions. Scammers use established dating sites to get someone to send them money. By pretending wanting to marry someone, they obtain their passports and then get a divorce. Do not provide your surname, address, credit or debit card details, post code, fixed line telephone, or where you work in dating websites (Layton, 2006) Companies have revealed products that could significantly reduce online credit card fraud. This is great news for e-commerce companies. Technology is being used to screen new orders against many common fraud detection factors. They leverage common transaction records from companies. They look at their transaction history and review previous criminal activities. They can compare shipping addresses and billing addresses for new customers against their history. They look at the customers location history and compare it with the current location of the computer they are placing an order with. The tools can also sense any unusual ordering patterns of the customer. Social Security Administration Social security administration gives information to the public about its programs. The information they provide is diverse. For instance, they have proposed changes that should be made to the social security system. These changes are necessary because security needs keep changing. Social security administration has impact on economy, society, and populations. They give detailed demographic and financial information on beneficiaries and covered workers. This information is very private and vital. The government planners, policy makers, economists, actuaries and other social scientists use these products to analyze social security programs. Their activities have a huge effect nation. Agencies should stay informed of the information needs. Once they note the changes, they must create new data, models, and information products where needed. (Federal Trade Commission, 2006) This way they produce useful and relevant information policy to the people. It keeps abreast of the information needs through various means. They also review analytical and statistical publications to ensure that they stay relevant and timely. They identify requirements, prepare analytical reports and modify the current models. Sometimes, they are required to create new models to deal with new needs. Their dissemination of information process makes information broadly available and accessible to authorized parties. The information and presentations are always accurate, unbiased and reliable. It employs professional standards of methodologies in the surveys and implementation. Statistically sound procedures are used to compile information. Before the final report is released, information is edited and proofread. If an error has been found, it is corrected and posted. Information is secured from unauthorized access to make sure it is not compromised. The Government Information Security RReform Act requires it to place policies and programs to secure its resources. If any sensitive information gets into the wrong hands, it may compromise a lot of people. It is vital to ensure very tight security of information (Finklea, 2009). Ecommerce Merchants The Internet provides anonymity, thus letting anyone access it from anywhere. It is a great thing and yet a bad one for e-commerce merchants. These merchants are involved in transactions with various people every day. Thus, they must practice some things to help reduce the rate of credit card frauds. Before considering utilizing payment gateways for your credit card transactions, it is important to inquire from the provider about their screening features. These gateway providers offer a protection to some degree. They compare billing details to those held by cardholders bank. Consider further screening strategies when using offline payment facilities. Consumers like privacy. Their credit card security lies in the hands of the merchants. The clients also value fast checkout processes. (Henderson, 2000) Keeping them too long with many questions may discourage them. Still, it is important to gather sufficient customer identity details during the process of ordering. Include information regarding the IP address of the individual placing the order in the order process. IP address is issued to a user each time they are logged on to the Internet by the Internet service provider. A unique identifier can be traced using free tools. Check if an order has a billing address of a location and the IP originates in another location. This may indicate that it is a fraud. Fraudsters can forge an IP address. Search for a number of declined transactions at the time the order is made. There will be various names and cards within a few minutes, but with a common IP. This is because fraudsters use credit cards immediately after they obtain them. On the other hand, some cardholders cancel their cards early enough. Therefore, fraudsters may have to try many detail sets before finding one that is still active. Fraudsters use fake emails. Some online businesses insist on getting a customers ISP or business email address before processing an online order. They refuse primary point contacts that are free email address services (Finklea, 2009). It is important to obtain a telephone contact number of the purchaser. They give out fake numbers. Check the phone details of the customer from the directory. There are softwares that identify the exact origin of the fraudster. Overseas orders are risky but profitable. It is a high risk transaction. Once you get extremely large orders, do some further investigation, especially if the customer is new. Follow up by calling relevant credit card companies when in doubt. High value items require photo identification. Visual anti-fraud policies minimize crime. It is important to use them on your site. Third party security and bold notices stating your position on fraud discourage some frauds. It will also demonstrate to the customers that security is taken seriously. Look for any other indicators of fraud and investigate them to get an accurate picture. E-commerce merchants need to join the fight to help protect their clients (Rapp, 1991). Conclusion Debit and credit card fraud takes place when someones credit or debit card information is used to obtain information without their authorization. Credit cards that use an embedded microchip make it more difficult for anyone else to access the data in the card. This chip technology has been tested and proven. They are becoming popular worldwide to enhance security. Investments and training on security networks continue to be made to monitor and investigate incidents that seem suspicious. Clients are protected from unauthorized use of their credit cards by their card providers. Law enforcement agencies are actively involved in protecting people from credit card frauds. Despite these efforts, there are precautions that credit card holders can take to reduce their risk of becoming a victim of fraud (Montage David, 2004). How to Evade Credit Card Fraud To avoid being a victim, here are further precautions people can follow to protect themselves: Make sure that you sign your credit and debit cards immediately they get to you. In addition, store and carry all your cards detached from your wallet. In case you lose your wallet, you will still have your credit cards with you. These cards can be carried in a small pouch, a zipped compartment or a business card holder. Another measure is to keep a record of all account numbers. Keep them together with their expiry dates. (Henderson, 1986) Noting them down and storing them ensures that in case of anything, you can countercheck them. Phone numbers and addresses of each company should be recorded and kept in a safe place. Do not lose them. Make sure you have an eye on your card during the time you are making the transaction. This is because someone may snatch it when you are not looking. Ensure that you get it back as soon as possible, too. You may forget it on the counter otherwise. (Maurer , 1974) It is good to void the receipts that are not correct and destroy all the carbons. Another step is to keep the receipts well. You might need them to verify something later. Do not throw them away. Compare them with your bill when it arrives. Sometimes, you may experience overcharge or strange charges you did not make. Open your bills very punctually so that you can notice any problem in time. Bring together your accounts every month to see if all your purchases are the only bills you get. Report any questionable charges you notice to the authority and your card issuer in writing. (Kaminski, 2004) There are also things one should never do with a credit card. For instance, do not lend your card to anyone no matter how much you think they can be trusted. These people may get your information from it and misuse it. Also, do not leave it lying around unattended. Do not sign any vacant receipts. When you do sign one, draw a line throughout any empty space over the total. Never write your account number on the outside of an envelope. Never write it on a postcard either be cause anyone might access it. In addition, do not give out your account number to anyone over the phone unless you are sure you are speaking to a company you already know is reputable and trust. If you are not sure about a company, check it out with your area consumer protection office or business bureau. If you ever lose your credit card, or realize that it has been stolen or lost, immediately call your issuer. Many companies have toll-free numbers that deal with emergencies of this kind on a 24-hour basis. The minute you report the loss or theft, it means that you have no additional responsibility for unauthorized charges. (Swierczynski, 2003) You may be requested to sign a statement under an oath that you did not make the purchase in question, if you suspect scam. Credit card scam on the Internet is increasing even more than the credit card fraud these days (Vesper, 2000). It is more secure to enter a credit card number on a sheltered online order form than it is to give a credit card to a waiter at any restaurant nowadays. The waiter may write down your credit card number. The waiter may pretend to be you later. He/she may place orders using it on the phone. The tempo of fraudulent purchases made through cell phone is soaring than that of the credit fraud on the Internet. Still, it is advised to take safety measures when giving out any classified information (especially your credit card number). This can be over the Internet or through the phone. Buy custom Identity Theft-Credit Card Fraud essay

Religious figures Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Religious figures - Term Paper Example According to the History, Lord Mahavir was the last Tirthankara of the Jain religion. As per the Jain methodology all Tirthankaras were human beings. They acquired the status of perfection / enlightenment after passing through meditation and self realization. Hence, Jains consider themselves as the perfect human beings. They do not either accept God as their creator, protector and the destroyer of the Universe nor they believe in the destruction of demons (Nagaraja 43). Mahavira was born in 599 B.C. in the Bihar State of India in the King’s house. His followers celebrate his birthday each year as Mahavir Jayanti. The name given to him by his parents was Vardhaman. Being a loving son of his parents, he used to enjoy pleasures and comforts of life in a princely manner. When he attained the age of 30, he gave up all the pleasures of material world and left his family and the Royal abode for good in search of finding solution to the problems of common people and became Monk (Jain & Upadhye 36). After leaving the family and the Royal home, he spent his next 12 years in deep silence and meditation to get rid of the pleasures of life. He did not indulge in any activities that could be harmful for the animals and the birds. In some part of the mentioned period, he lived without food. He found himself quite calm and composed in the face of unbearable sufferings. Due to cited qualities, he earned the fame of Mahavir, which means brave and courageous. During said period, his spiritual power completely developed and comes to the stage of self realization. Such realization in the religion of Jain is known as keval jnana (perfect/enlighten) (Jain & Upadhye 39).   Soon after completion of self realization exercise, Mahavir spent another 30 years of his life to travel in the length and width of India barefooted. During this period, he used to teach people about the truth that he realized. He appraised the people how an individual can enjoy freedom from the cycle of bi rth, pain, misery, life and death and to achieve the state of bliss for good. This state of bliss is known as nirvana or moksha (Nagaraja 54). According to the beliefs of Mahavir, under the influence of karma, the soul becomes greedy of worldly pleasures (personal belongings and possessions). In his view, worldly pleasures make an individual self centered resulting in more and more amassing of karmas.  He used to preach the right faith, right path and good conduct, which played decisive role in freeing the soul from the clutches of karma (Winternitz 107). We cite here three major events of the life of Mahavir a) Conception (Chyavana), an event when his mother conceived him in her womb b) after conceiving him in womb, the mother had fourteen dreams, but as per the belief of Digambar, they were sixteen dreams and c) his birth was the memorable event for his mother and the family alike. According to the belief of Mahavir’s followers, soon after his birth, the King of Heaven to ok him to the Mount of Meru and celebrated his birthday. The most important event in his life was when he gave up all worldly materials in his possession and took refuge in the ascetic order (Jain & Upadhye 47). The ages of darkness in the life of mankind, gave birth to three great religions namely Islam, Christianity and Judaism. The mentioned religions are deep rooted religions. The said religions made its inroads in the Old Testament patriarch. Abraham used to teach their followers about one God and no more (known as Ibrahim in Islam), was said